FRP Composite Structures: Theory, Fundamentals, and Design

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Historic Perspective
	1.2 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites – General Features
	1.3 Constituent Materials
		1.3.1 Glass Fibers
		1.3.2 Carbon Fibers
		1.3.3 Aramid Fibers
		1.3.4 Basalt Fibers
		1.3.5 Polyester Resin
		1.3.6 Vinyl Ester Resin
		1.3.7 Epoxy
		1.3.8 Polyurethane Resins
	1.4 Future Perspective
		1.4.1 Bridges
		1.4.2 Smart Materials
		1.4.3 Fire
		1.4.4 Natural Fiber Composites
	1.5 Levels of Analysis and Design for FRP Laminate Composites
	1.6 Manufacturing Process
		1.6.1 Pultrusion
		1.6.2 Pultruded FRP Structural Sections
	1.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 2 Engineering Properties of Composite Materials
	2.1 Characteristics of a Composite Lamina
	2.2 Volume and Mass Fractions
	2.3 Mass Density
	2.4 More Than Two Constituents
	2.5 Void Content
	2.6 Representative Volume Element (RVE)
		2.6.1 Square Packing Geometry
		2.6.2 Hexagonal Packing Geometry
	2.7 Elastic Properties of Composite Lamina
		2.7.1 Longitudinal Elastic Modulus (E[sup(c)][sub(11)])
		2.7.2 Poisson Ratio’s (v[sup(c)][sub(12)])
		2.7.3 Transverse Elastic Modulus E[sup(c)][sub(22)]
		2.7.4 In-Plane Shear Modulus G[sup(c)][sub(12)]
		2.7.5 Transverse Shear Modulus G[sup(c)][sub(11)]
		2.7.6 Poisson’s Ratio v[sup(c)][sub(23)]
	2.8 Thermal Expansion Coefficients
		2.8.1 Longitudinal Thermal Expansion Coefficients α[sup(c)][sub(11)]
		2.8.2 Transverse Thermal Expansion Coefficients α[sup(c)][sub(22)]
	2.9 Moisture Expansion Coefficients
		2.9.1 Longitudinal Moisture Expansion Coefficient β[sup(c)][sub(11)]
		2.9.2 Transverse Moisture Expansion Coefficient β[sup(c)][sub(22)]
	2.10 Semi-Empirical Halpin–Tsai Approach
	2.11 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 3 Mechanics of FRP Composite Lamina
	3.1 Stress and Strain Relationship
	3.2 Generally Anisotropic Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.2.1 Anisotropic Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.2.2 Monoclinic Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.2.3 Orthotropic Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.2.4 Transversely Isotropic Stress–Strain Relationship
		3.2.5 Isotropic Stress–Strain Relationship
	3.3 The Plane Stress Relation
	3.4 Hygrothermal Effects
	3.5 In-Plane Stress and Strain Relationship with Hygrothermal Effects
	3.6 Stress and Strain Relationships in Global Coordinate System
		3.6.1 Stress Transformation
		3.6.2 Strain Transformation
		3.6.3 Transformation of Reduced Compliance Matrix
		3.6.4 Transformation of Reduced Compliance Matrix with Hygrothermal Effect
		3.6.5 Transformation of Reduced Stiffness Matrix
		3.6.6 Transformation of the Reduced Stiffness Matrix with Hygrothermal Effect
	3.7 Engineering Constants in Global Coordinate System
	3.8 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 4 Mechanics of FRP Composite Laminates
	4.1 Classical Lamination Theory
		4.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Hypothesis
		4.1.2 Laminated Strain and Displacement Relationships
	4.2 Laminate Stresses and Strains
		4.2.1 Laminated Strain and Stress in Global Coordinate
		4.2.2 Laminated Strain and Stress in Local Coordinate
	4.3 Force and Moment Resultants
	4.4 Laminate Stiffness (ABD) and Compliance Matrix
		4.4.1 In-Plane Force Resultant Relation
		4.4.2 Moment Resultant Relation
		4.4.3 In-Plane Force and Moment Resultant Relation
	4.5 Laminated Hygrothermal In-Plane Force and Moment Resultants
		4.5.1 In-Plane Force Resultant Relation
		4.5.2 Moment Resultant Relation
		4.5.3 In-Plane and Moment Resultant Relation
	4.6 Significance of Elastic Couplings
		4.6.1 Extension-Shear Couplings
		4.6.2 Bending-Twisting Couplings
		4.6.3 Extension-Twisting Couplings
		4.6.4 Bending–Shear Couplings
		4.6.5 In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Couplings
		4.6.6 Extension–Extension Couplings
		4.6.7 Bending–Bending Couplings
	4.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 5 Analysis of FRP Composite Beams
	5.1 General Assumptions of FRP Composite Beam Response under Transverse Loads
	5.2 Laminated Composite Beam under Axial Load
		5.2.1 Case of Laminated Layers Perpendicular to (X–Z) Plane (Figure 5.3)
		5.2.2 Case of Laminated Layers Parallel to (X–Z) Plane
	5.3 Laminated Composite Rectangular Beam under Bending
		5.3.1 Case of Laminated Layers Perpendicular to (X–Z) Plane
		5.3.2 Case of Laminated Layers Parallel to (X–Z) Plane
		5.3.3 Laminated Composite Rectangular Beam under Bending with Shear Deformation
	5.4 Laminated Composite Beam under Bending and Axial Loads
	5.5 Laminated Composite Beam under Torsion
		5.5.1 Laminated Hollow Composite Beam under Torsion
	5.6 Laminated Composite Beam with Open Cross Section of Solid Rectangular Segments
	5.7 Laminated Composite Rectangular Box Beam
	5.8 Laminated Composite Rectangular Box Beam with Unsymmetric Lay-ups
	5.9 General Governing Equation of Composite Beams
	5.10 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 6 Analysis of FRP Composite Plates
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Theory of Elasticity Approach
	6.3 Energy Method
	6.4 Governing Equations in Terms of Displacements
	6.5 Boundary Conditions
	6.6 Long Laminated FRP Plates (Cylindrical Bending)
	6.7 Specially Orthotropic Rectangular Plates
		6.7.1 The Governing Differential Equations
		6.7.2 Specially Orthotropic Rectangular Plates with Simply Supported Edges
		6.7.3 Specially Orthotropic Plates with Two Opposite Edges Simply Supported
	6.8 Summary
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 7 Design Philosophy and Basis of FRP Composite Structural Members
	7.1 Design of FRP Composite Structural Members
	7.2 Design Philosophy and Basis
		7.2.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
		7.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
		7.2.3 Resistance Factor
		7.2.4 Load Combinations
		7.2.5 Time Effect Factor
		7.2.6 Other Resistance and Load Factors – EUROCOMP (1996)
	7.3 Basic Assumption
	7.4 Summary
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 8 Design of Pultruded FRP Axial Tension Members
	8.1 Axial Tension Members
	8.2 Net Area (A[sub(n)])
	8.3 Net Area (A[sub(n)]) with Staggered Bolt Holes
	8.4 Shear Lag
	8.5 Effective Net Area (A[sub(e)])
	8.6 Stress Concentration Factor
	8.7 Axial Tensile Strength
	8.8 Slenderness and Deformation Limitation
	8.9 Block Shear
	8.10 Design of Pultruded FRP Tension Member
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 9 Flexural Member Design
	9.1 Flexural Members
	9.2 Nominal Strength Due to Material Rupture in Flexure (ACMA, 2021)
	9.3 Nominal Strength Due to Material Rupture in Shear
	9.4 Deflection
	9.5 Global Buckling (LTB)
		9.5.1 Open Sectional Profiles
		9.5.2 Closed Sectional Profiles
		9.5.3 Simplified LTB Strength
	9.6 Local Buckling
	9.7 Web Shear Buckling
	9.8 Pultruded FRP Members under Torsion
	9.9 Pultruded FRP Members under Concentrated Loads
		9.9.1 Tensile Material Rupture
		9.9.2 Web Crippling
		9.9.3 Web Buckling
		9.9.4 Flange Rupture from Web Due to Bending
	9.10 Bearing Stiffeners
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 10 Design of Pultruded FRP Axial Compression Members
	10.1 Axial Compression Members
	10.2 Slenderness Ratio and Effective Length
	10.3 Nominal Strength Due to Material Rupture in Compression
	10.4 Global Flexural (Euler) Buckling
	10.5 Effective Length Factor
		10.5.1 Modified Factor for G
		10.5.2 Condition of Frame Foundation
		10.5.3 Procedure for Alignment Chart
	10.6 Torsional Buckling
	10.7 Local Buckling
	10.8 Design of Compression Members
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 11 Design of Connections for FRP Members
	11.1 Connections
	11.2 Scope
	11.3 Connection
		11.3.1 Mechanical Connections
		11.3.2 Adhesive (Bonded) Connections
	11.4 Design Methodology
		11.4.1 Geometry Factor C[sub(Δ)]
		11.4.2 Moisture Condition C[sub(M)] and Temperature C[sub(T)] Factor
	11.5 High-Strength Bolts
	11.6 Bolt Spacing and Edge Distances
	11.7 Nominal Strength of Bolted Connections
		11.7.1 Nominal Strength of Single Row Bolted Connections
		11.7.2 Nominal Strength of Bolted Connections with Two or Three Rows of Bolts
		11.7.3 Nominal Strength of Bolted Connections (EUROCOMP, 1996)
	11.8 Nominal Strength of Adhesive Connections
		11.8.1 Lap Length of Single and Double-Lap Joints
		11.8.2 Shear Strength of Adhesive Joint
		11.8.3 Peel Strength of Adhesive Joint
	11.9 Design Recommendations for Adhesively Bonded Joints
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Chapter 12 Design of Combined Loads for FRP Members
	12.1 Members under Combined Loads
	12.2 Interaction of Combined Loads
		12.2.1 Nominal Strength
	12.3 Deflection Limits
	12.4 Strength Limits
	12.5 Moment Amplification Factor B[sub(1)] (Effect of Member Curvature)
	12.6 Moment Modification Factor B[sub(2)] (Effect of Lateral Displacement)
	Exercises
	References and Selected Biography
Appendix A: Classification of Laminated Composite Stacking Sequence
Appendix B: Durability of FRP Composites under Environmental Conditions
Index