Frontier Studies in Soil Science

Preface
Contents
Introduction Chapter for the Book “Frontier Studies in Soil Science”
	1 Justification
	2 Question to the “Guimaraes Group”
	3 The Answers
		3.1 Response by Álvarez-Rodríguez, Esperanza
		3.2 Response by Barreiro-Buján, Ana
		3.3 Response by Díaz-Raviña, Montserrat
		3.4 Response by Fernández-Sanjurjo, María J.
		3.5 Response by Mataix-Solera, Jorge
		3.6 Response by Rodríguez-Seijo, Andrés
		3.7 Response by Villaverde, Juan José
	4 Additional Data
	5 Final Remarks
	References
Antibiotics as Emerging Pollutants of Soil Ecosystems
	1 Introduction
	2 Antibiotics
	3 Examples of Commonly Used Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole and Enrofloxacin
	4 Biodegradation of Antibiotics
	5 Environmental Concentrations of Antibiotics Improving ARG Spreading
	6 Phytotoxicity of Antibiotics
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Rare Earths in Soils
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief Chronology in the Discovery of Rare Earths
	3 Some Features of the Soil Chemistry of Lanthanides and Analytical
		3.1 Analytical Methods
	4 Applications of Rare Earths
	5 Abundance of REEs in the Earth’s Crust and Soils
	6 Rare Earths Origin in Soils
		6.1 Primary Mineralogy—REEs Ore Deposits
		6.2 REEs in Soils—Natural Origin
		6.3 REEs in Soils—Anthopogenic Origin
	7 Geochemical Behavior of REEs in Soils
	8 REEs in the Soil–Plant System: Agricultural Applications
	9 Environmental Consequences Linked with REEs
	10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Impact of Agricultural Wastes on Environment and Possible Management Strategies
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Waste
		1.2 Agriculture Waste
		1.3 Main Sources and Causes of Agriculture Wastes
	2 Types of Agricultural Wastes
		2.1 Fruits and Vegetables Wastes
		2.2 Cereal and Other Crops Waste
		2.3 Food Wastes
		2.4 Livestock and Poultry Wastes
	3 Environmental Concerns About Agricultural Wastes
		3.1 Impact of Wastes on Air Quality
		3.2 Impact of Wastes on Water
		3.3 Impact of Waste on Soil
	4 Management
		4.1 Reduction of Agriculture Waste
		4.2 Reuse of Agriculture Waste
		4.3 Recycling of Agricultural Waste
		4.4 Energy Recovery from Agricultural Waste
		4.5 Rational Management of Agricultural Waste
		4.6 Bioactive Compound Present in Agricultural Waste
		4.7 Biological Approaches for Wastes Mitigation
		4.8 Conventional Food Waste Management Technologies
	5 Economic Incentives for Waste Reduction
	6 Conclusions
	References
Organic Carbon Management and the Relations with Climate Change
	1 Introduction
	2 Importance of Knowledge of Soil Organic Carbon Content as the Main Terrestrial Carbon Reservoir
		2.1 The Need for SOC Measurement Protocols
		2.2 Agriculture and Mitigation Measures
		2.3 Importance of Carbon Sequestration
	3 The Relationship Between Soil Organic Carbon and Climate Change
	4 Organic Carbon Storage Dynamics
		4.1 The Effect of Temperature on Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
		4.2 Effect of Cropping Practices: Intercropping
		4.3 Effect and the Role of Microbial Activity
	5 Increasing SOC Stocks
	6 Conclusions
	References
Agricultural Soil Management Impacts on Soil Microbial Communities
	1 Introduction
	2 Effect of Mineral Fertilizers (Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium) on Soil Microbial Communities and Their Activity
	3 Organic Fertilizers in Agroecosystems, Impact on Soil Microbiome
	4 Antibiotics in Agriculture—Soil Resistome
	5 Conclusion
	References
Antibiotics, Other Emerging Pollutants, and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Raw and Treated Sewage Sludge Reaching Soils
	1 Introduction
	2 Antibiotics and Other Emerging Pollutants in Raw and Treated Sewage Sludge
		2.1 Antibiotics
		2.2 Other Emerging Pollutants
	3 Pathogenic Microorganisms in Raw and Treated Sewage Sludge
	4 Perspectives on Future Research in This Field
	References
Remediation of PTEs Contaminated Soils by Washing Treatment with Biodegradable Reagents
	1 Introduction
	2 Biodegradable Reagents
		2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids
		2.2 Aminopolycarboxylic Acids
		2.3 Biosurfactants
	3 Washing Treatments
		3.1 Soil Washing
		3.2 Soil Flushing
	4 PTEs-Reagents Interactions
		4.1 PTEs Interaction Mechanisms with Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids (LMWOAs)
		4.2 Aminopolycarboxylic Acids
		4.3 Biosurfactant
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Natural Barriers to Antibiotic Entry into the Trophic Chain: Some Examples of the Role of Soils and By-Products
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Objectives and Significance
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Design
		2.2 Selection of By-Products Used for the Antibiotics Retention in Galician Soils and Characterization
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Limitations and Future Directions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Salt-Affected Soils
	1 Introduction
	2 Causes of Salt-Affected Soils
		2.1 Natural Factors
		2.2 Human Interventions
	3 Types of Salt-Affected Soils
	4 Consequences of Salt-Affected Soils
		4.1 Physical Properties of Soils
		4.2 Chemical Properties
		4.3 Biological Properties
		4.4 Impact on Crop Yield
		4.5 Environmental Challenges
	5 Amelioration of Salt-Affected Soils
	6 Conclusions and Summary
	References
Beyond the Obvious: Exploring Peat Vibrational Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) Data Using Principal Components Analysis on Transposed Data Matrix (tPCA), Store Mosse Bog (Sweden)
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Store Mosse Info: Location, Sampling, Peat Preparation
		2.2 Elemental and Isotopic Data
		2.3 FTIR-ATR Analysis
		2.4 Numerical Methods: PCA on Whole Spectra
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Elemental and Isotopic Data
		3.2 MIR Spectra: Average, Standard Deviation and Second Derivative Spectra
		3.3 PCA on Transposed MIR Data Matrix (tPCA)
		3.4 Correlation and Regression Between MIR Data, Peat OM Elemental Composition, and Peat Isotopic Composition
	4 Conclusions
	Supporting Material
	References
Application of Biochar in Agricultural Soil Green Remediation and Sustainable Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Biochar Characteristics
		2.1 Biochar Microstructure
		2.2 Elemental Content
		2.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
	3 Biochar Application for Agricultural Soil Improvement
		3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Soils
		3.2 Biological Properties of Soils
		3.3 Nutrient Cycling
	4 Impact on Crop Productivity
	5 The Interactions of Biochar with Soil Contaminants
		5.1 Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils
		5.2 Soils Polluted Organic Compounds
		5.3 Potential Risks Associated with Biochar
	6 Climate Change Mitigation
	7 Strategies for Biochar Application to Soils
	8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Frontier Studies in Soil Science: A Conclusions Chapter
	1 Contents in This Book, and Future Trends
	References