From the Archaeological Record to Virtual Reconstruction: The Application of Information Technologies at an Iron Age Fortified Settlement (San Chuis Hillfort, Allande, Asturias, Spain)

Cover\nCopyright Page\n	Dedication\nContents Page\nList of Figures\nNote of thanks\n	Objectives, support, archaeological and methodological framework\n	Part I.\nIntroduction: subject of study, thesis, aims and other considerations\nFigure 1. The San Chuis hillfort (right) and San Martín de Beduledo (left)1\nFigure 2. The location of the San Chuis hillfort\nThe archaeological and chronological framework:\n	1.1. The first hillforts: Iron Age I\n		1.1.1. The archaeological record\n	1.2. The transitional phase/phase Ic (6th–4th centuries cal. BC)\n	1.3. Iron Age II (4th century cal. BC – late 1st century cal. BC)\n		1.3.1. Pottery\n		1.3.2. Iron\n	1.4. The end of hillforts: Rome (late 1st century BC – 2nd century AD)\nFigure 3. Ceramic archaeological groups of central-western Cantabria during phase II: 1) Valle del Navia; 2) W of the Cantabrian coast; 3) Narcea Basin/S–W Cantabria; 4) Central sector of Asturias; 5) E coast of Asturias; 6) Cantabrian central sector; and\nArchaeology today:\n	2.1. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)\n		2.1.1. Spatial Data Infrastructure: a necessity\n	2.2. Virtual reconstruction and recreation: some considerations\n		2.2.1. The representation of reality over time\n		2.2.2. Virtual reality and restoration regulations\n		2.2.3. Some concepts\n		2.2.4. The virtual object\n		2.2.5. 3D modelling methods and techniques\n		2.2.6. Recent relevant research\n	Part II.\n	The San Chuis hillfort\nFigure 4. From Le pitture antiche d’Ercolano e contorni incise con qualque spiegazione. Tomo secondo. Tavola LII, p. 281, by Francesco Cepparoli and Nicola Vanni (1760, Reale Academia Ercolanese), http://fondosdigitales.us.es/fondos/libros/3957/grabados/3\nFigure 5. Thebes, Memnonium. Plan and elevation of the tomb of Ozymandyas, restored following Diodorus of Sicily. From Description de l’Egypte, Vol II, 1821–1829, http://www.wdl.org/es/item/520/view/1/36/\nFigure 6. Botta, Monument de Ninive découvert et décrit par M. P. E. Botta, mesuré et dessiné par M. E. Flandin. From General Research Division, The New York Public Library (1849–1850). Façade L. Plan et élévation des faces sud-ouest, sud-est, et de la\nFigure 7. Monuments of Nineveh, from drawings made on the spot by Austen Henry Layard, Esq., D.C.L. Illustrated in one hundred plates, 1849. The New York Public Library. Hall in Assyrian palace, restored (1849). Recovered from http://digitalcollections.\nFigure 8. Ninive et l’Assyrie par Victor Place avec des essais de restauration par Félix Thomas, 1867–1870. Ville. Porte ornée et portion de l’enceinte. General Research Division, The New York Public Library (1867–1870). Recovered from http://digitalcol\nFigure 9. The WINSOM computer model of the Old Minster, Winchester. © Winchester Excavations Committee and IBM, UK. Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship, British Library Research and Development Report 6097, London 1993: 14\nFigure 10. Left: points cloud obtained by scanner ready to be processed in this case in MeshLab. Below left: already triangulated mesh. Right: the model already processed and textured. From Dibujo Arqueológico 3D, http://dibujoarqueologico3d.blogspot.co\nFigure 11. Digital model of a site made by photogrammetry. From Digitalización automática del patrimonio arqueológico a partir de fotogrametría (Ortiz Coder 2013: 48)\nFigure 13. Area beyond the Coaña hillfort (Antonio García y Bellido 1942). From http://ocw.unican.es/humanidades/historia-antigua-de-la-peninsula-iberica/material-de-clase-1/modulo-5.-la-cultura-material-en-la-hispania/skinless_view\nFigure 14. 3D Reconstruction of the twinned enclosure and adaptation to the terrain of the Estrella fillfort. After López Fraile et al. 2009: 86\nFigure 15. Infography of the archaeological site of Cerro de la Gavia. After López Fraile et al. 2009: 87\nFigure 17. Screenshot showing the interior of the cabin of Las Camas; the organic material framework of the walls and large central posts are visible. From Arqueo AUDEMA, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnJrVCPL-LM. 2005\nFigure 18. Infography of the La Guirnalda house showing the different areas defined. After Agustí García et al. 2012: 176–178\nFigure 20. Overview and detail of Las Merchanas and Lugar Viejo hillforts. From the website Territorio Vetón of Diputación de Salamanca. Yecla de Yeltes on the left (http://www.salamancaterritorioveton.com/territorio_veton.php) and from Romero Serra, Rojo\nFigure 21. House reconstruction. After Romero Serra, Rojo Ariza and Martínez Gil 2013: 17, and Diputación de Salamanca; Guillem Hernàndez Pongiluppi and Eusebi Malvárez López\nFigure 22. House C of the Mesa de Miranda hillfort (Chamartín, Ávila). On the left, an image montage showing roof reconstruction. On the right, elevation and profile. After Ortiz Moreno 2012\nFigure 23. Stills from a video on the Checa/Castil-Griegos hillfort. From http://revives.es/checa/prehistoria/, 2012\nFigure 24. The Celtiberian hillfort of Ceremeño (Herrería, Guadalajara). Shown (above) is a virtual reconstruction of Ceremeño I, which was destroyed by a fire, and (below) the later reconstruction realised in the same (5th) century, or Ceremeño II. From\nFigure 25. Numancia. Celtiberian house (2nd century BC). From https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=27&v=MrouaZkeOUY (modified), 2011\nFigures 26 & 27. (Above) Celtiberian house virtual reconstruction (Segeda site, Mara, Zaragoza) and (below) in Figure 27, detail of the interior of the village and wall. Screenshots taken from the documentary Segeda, The Celtiberian City (Segeda, la ciud\nFigure 28. Virtual reconstruction of Segeda area 3. At first it was used as housing and warehouses, but following the ethnic Titos arrival was reconverted into manufacturing space and workshops in the urban remodelling. Screenshots from the documentary Se\nFigure 29. The Elviña hillfort, La Coruña (Galicia, Spain). Screenshots from http://videalab.udc.es/es/castro_de_elvina (modified)\nFigure 30. The Viladonga hillfort in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, then a small settlement without walls. From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHUEpbNAbz4\nFigure 32. The Viladonga hillfort after the Roman occupation, during which it reached its maximum extent and was walled. Of note is the combination of houses of Roman type, covered with tiles and quadrangular in shape, with circular houses of the indigen\nFigure 34. Outline corresponding to an elongated crossbar fibula from Chao Samartín. From the 3D catalogue of the MUVICC, http://www.muvicc.es/catalogo.html\nFigure 35. Virtual recreation of the Goiás hillfort (Deza, Pontevedra, Spain), within the DepoDeza Project. From http://www.depodeza.depo.es/web/portal-web\nFigure 36. The Campa Torres hillfort (Gijón, Asturias, Spain). Above, images of module walling, and below reconstructions of the housing and well. Screenshots from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJimML5GJjE (modified)\nFigure 37. Caer Drewyn hillfort, Wales. This began as a small settlement before becoming a village. There were no empty spaces, but as the central space has not been excavated the designers have chosen not to place anything in the area. From VixWorx Ltd.\nFigure 38. Dinas Bran hillfort in Llangollen (Denbighshire, Wales). It begins as a small nucleus that expands over time. The empty spaces have not been excavated. From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S61K45iLnIU (modified)\nFigure 39. Dinas Dinlle hillfort (Gwynedd, Caernarfonshire). From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEPCAhQgrak (modified)\nFigure 40. Oppidum of Corent (Puy-de-Dôme). From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRGJZydZwc (modified)\nFigure 41. Acy Romance (Ardennes). From http://www.gaulois.ardennes.culture.fr/#/fr/annexe/visite/t=Visite (modified)\nThe San Chuis hillfort\n	3.1. Geographical, geological and stratigraphic framework of the hillfort\n		3.1.1. Geology and geomorphology of the Asturian West\n		3.1.2. The hillfort\n	3.2. Archaeological excavations\n		3.2.1. 1962 and 1963 campaigns\n		3.2.2. 1979 campaign\n		3.2.3. 1980 campaign\n		3.2.4. 1981 campaign\n		3.2.5. 1983 campaign\n		3.2.6. 1984 campaign\n		3.2.7. 1985 campaign\n		3.2.8. 1986 campaign\n	3.3. Georadar and geophysical prospection\n	3.4 The archaeological record\n		3.4.1. Stratigraphy, radiocarbon and chronology\n		3.4.2. Architecture and urbanism\n		3.4.3. Pottery\n		3.4.5. The sculpture\n		3.4.6. Metallic material analysis\n		3.4.7. Lithic material\n		3.4.8. Charcoal analysis\n		3.4.9. Zooarchaeology\n	Part III.\n	What was achieved and how\nFigure 42. Stratigraphic and structural zones of Asturias. The W area is located within the western Asturian-Leonese Zone (zona Asturoccidental-leonesa), characterised by siliciclastic rocks of marine origin, subject to a degree of regional metamorphism.\nFigure 43. Morphostructural zoning of Asturias. San Chuis is located in zone 1a. From Flor Blanco et al. 2003: 4 (modified)\nFigures 44 and 45. Geological map and map key. From National Geological Map of the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (Cangas del Narcea, Sheet 50, Division 10-05, 1980). The image has been modified in this instance: the tertiary deposit is not appa\nFigure 46. Geomorphological and geological situation of San Chuis. From Marcos, Martínez, Julivert and Pulgar 1980, Cangas del Narcea, Sheet 50, Division 10-05, Magna Series, and from Jordá Pardo, Conference. El castro de San Chuis (Allande, Asturias), 20\nFigure 47. Top left, hillfort topographic plane showing the area excavated before 1963. Above (right) is the N–S stratigraphic section, extending beyond the wall to the structure currently indicated as plane 3, which in the original as 1, due to confusion\nFigure 48. Planes corresponding to the different excavation campaigns. The areas excavated in each case are indicated in red. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 49. Floor plan of the area excavated during the campaigns of 1962–1963, drawn by L. Berián, surveyor of the Provincial Council of Asturias. The one showing structure 3 is actually structure 1 in the current planes, according to the numbering made b\nFigure 50. Structure 3 stratigraphy in an E–W section. Visible are the two fireplaces mentioned (marked 3 and 2). UE=SU Stratigraphic Unit. Juana Molina Salido (2016), based on the drawings of F. Jordá Cerdá\nFigure 51. Structure 9 was divided into six small squares for excavation. A1 is the NW square and B1 is NE. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 53. 1980 excavated areas. On the left, in what is known as Barrio Bajo (Lower Quarter), the excavation of structure 9 was completed. In the centre is the access gate area that remained to be discovered. On the right is the Upper Quarter (Barrio Alt\nFigure 54. Stratigraphic series of the S–N section of structure 9. From plane E-9/1, sheet I-A in the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá, original drawing by Antonio Guillén Oterino, designed in CAD by Juana Molina Salido (2016) (modified)\nFigure 55. Detail of structure 9 (N zone), which shows, inter alia, the location of hearths. From plane E-9/3. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 56. The entire structure 9 excavated. Note the staircase (SWU-9/3) that surrounds SWU-9/4 and extends to SWU-9/5. The oldest (Iron Age 1) structures are shown in light pink and those of Iron Age 2 in dark pink. Green shading shows where the sculptu\nFigure 57. Sculpture representing a human head. From the personal archive of F. Jordá Cerdá\nFigure 58. Decorated threshold of structure 9. Drawn by Luis Pascual\nFigures 59a, b and c. SE tower (E-0/5) profile, plan and elevation, and entrance wall detail. From planes E-0/1 and E-0/2 designed by Juana Molina Salido (2016) from originals by F. Jordá Cerdá, and other originals by Antonio Guillén Oterino (modified)\nFigure 60. Units ER-1 and 2, E-17 and E-19. From the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá, drawn by Antonio Guillén Oterino (modified)\nFigure 61. Plane E-15/3. Floor planes of the two rooms described. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigures 62 and 63. Planes E-15/2 and E-15/1. Detail of the structures called by F. Jordá Cerdá ER-1 and ER-2, and their respective entrances. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 64. Plane E-17/1. Structure 17, N–S section. On the left the findspot of the circular hand-mill fragment. Juana Molina Salido 2016, and based on the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá . Drawn by Antonio Guillén Oterino\nFigure 65. Plane E-17/2. Stratigraphic section E-O of the existing space between E-17 and E-19. UE=SU= Stratigraphic Unit. UEM=SWU= Stratigraphic Wall Unit. Juana Molina Salido 2016, and based on the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá. Drawn by Antonio Guillén Ot\nFigure 66. Pondus found next to ER-1 (N wall). Drawn by Gema Adán Álvarez (2000)\nFigure 67. Squares excavated in 1981. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 68. Plane showing the area excavated in 1981 in the ‘acropolis’. From the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá (modified)\nFigure 69. Distribution and nomenclature of the Upper Quarter (Barrio Alto)\nFigure 70. Hearth found in E-15/D (hogar=hearth)\nFigure 71. Squares excavated during the 1983 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 72. Squares excavated during the 1984 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 73. Stratigraphic series found inside structure 6. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 74. Squares excavated during the 1985 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 75. Square E-5, NW–SW stratigraphic section, showing some of the details mentioned and presented in the included plan view. Juana Molina Salido 2016, based on the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá (modified)\nFigure 76. E–W stratigraphic section of square C-21. Plan E-21/1. Juana Molina Salido 2016, based on the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá. Drawn by José Manuel Benito (modified)\nFigure 77. Sectors surveyed by geo-radar. From Exploración arqueológica, mediante georradar, del castro de San Chuis, Allande (Asturias) 2001, AITEMIN (modified)\nFigure 78. Main types of anomalies detected and their explanations. The floor plans reveal the different structures detected and their exact situation. From Exploración arqueológica, mediante georradar, del castro de San Chuis, Allande (Asturias) 2001, A\nFigure 79. Sector I next to the Upper Quarter. It shows two circular structures, abundant evidence of collapse, wall remains, and a small part of the possible rampart inner facing. From Exploración arqueológica, mediante georradar, del castro de San Chuis\nFigure 80. Sector II next to the Lower Quarter. There is evidence of structure collapse and debris accumulation from the dismantling of structures. There are also two circular structures and the remains of walls and rampart facing in the zone contiguous t\nFigure 81. Sector III. The debris accumulation and collapse remains can be seen in the centre and further wall. From Exploración arqueológica, mediante georradar, del castro de San Chuis, Allande (Asturias) 2001, AITEMIN (modified)\nFigure 82. Plane of San Chuis, in which are visible the points where the radiocarbon samples were collected and their chronology. After Jordá Pardo 2009: 53 fig. 2 (modified)\nFigure 83. Accumulated probability curves obtained from the calibration of the radiocarbon dates of San Chuis, grouped by their chronostratigraphic position, showing the spatial and stratigraphic context and the linked materials. After Jordá Pardo, Marín\nFigure 84. Calibrated radiocarbon dates. After Jordá Pardo, Marín Suárez and García-Guinea 2011: 493, Table 22.1\nFigure 85. Survey distribution and indication of date origins and results. From Villa Valdés and Menéndez Granda 2009: 166, Fig. 7 (modified)\nFigure 86. After Jordá Pardo, Marín Suárez and Molina Salido 2014: 144, Table 1 (modified)\nFigure 87. Succession of moats protecting the S flank of the enclosure. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 88. In (1) an overview of part of the Lower Quarter. In (2) structure 6 is clearly superimposed on a circular structure, and in (3) and (4) there are details of structure 12, with the circular part paved and with a slightly off-centre hearth (4). J\nFigure 89. Upper Quarter or ‘acropolis’. Juana Molina Salido 2016, with images from F. Jordá Cerdá (modified)\nFigure 90. Throughout the process of building the hillfort’s SDI, one of the tasks set was to digitise the excavation diaries. They were scanned and rewritten in Word, also redrawing the different sketches. This image shows the original and new sketches o\nFigure 92. Stratigraphy established in 1963 related to the current SU and its description. Juana Molina Salido 2016, based on original sketches by F. Jordá Cerdá (modified)\nFigure 93. Sketches in AutoCAD based on the originals from the excavation diary of F. Jordá Cerdá during the 1962 campaign. The first trench made (1) can be seen, showing the rampart section and structure 3; also showing is the first sketch made of the st\nFigure 94. Structure 3. (A) E–W stratigraphic section; (B) plan, elevation and profile of the entrance step; (C) sketch from the 1963 excavation diary. Plans E-3/3 and E-3/2 of the annex. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 95. The original sketch of the N–S stratigraphic section of structure 4, drawn by F. Jordá Cerdá during the 1963 campaign, and the one drawn in AutoCAD format, where the changes made in the stratigraphy are reflected (plane E-4/1 on sheet 3/63); t\nFigure 96. The stratigraphy of structures 7A and B. Sketches drawn in AutoCAD from the 1963 excavation diary. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 97. Structure 1: pre-Roman TOC 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8, Roman 5, 9 and 11, TSH 6. Structure 2: Roman TOC 1, the rest are pre-Roman. Structure 3: all are pre-Roman TOC, except 3, which is doubtful. Structure 4: pre-Roman TOC, except 15, which is a TSG b\nFigure 98. Trench 1 and 2: All are pre-Roman TOC except 1 and 2. Trench 2: pre-Roman TOC: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 38 and 39, Roman TOC: 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 28, 35, 37 and 40, TSH: 6, 33 and 34.\nFigures 99a and b. Above: common Roman TOC. Large faceted everted rim pot with polished reticule decoration. 1981 campaign. Below: common Roman TOC. Tri-lobed ribbon-handle jar. 1983 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigures 100a and b. Some examples of terra sigillata. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 101. Roman TOC: thin-walled pottery. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 102. Sculpture of head. Juana Molina Salido (2016), with images from the personal archive of F. Jordá Cerdá (modified)\nFigure 103. Metallurgical production area, among other activities, at San Chuis. The area is located in the Lower Quarter (grids B7, B8, C7 and C8), where abundant slag remains have been recovered. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 104. Iron slag from San Chuis hillfort: 1) visual aspect; 2) diffractogram (XRD) showing the inorganic phase composition of the slag; 3) photomicrography by ESEMEDX microscope with indication of the mineral phases; 4) chemical composition of the sl\nFigure 105. (1 ) and (2) iron plates possibly of saddlery: the first has rivets; (3) iron ring of circular section; (4) iron point; (5) possible knife blade with core for the handle; (6) curved end-plate with rest rivets; (7) medium-sized nail body; (8) l\nFigure 106. (1), (2) and (4): images obtained from the website of the Oviedo Archaeological Museum Figura (http://www.museoarqueologicodeasturias.com/sites/default/files/3_Castros.pdf); (3) from Marín Suárez 2011a: 498, fig. 4.94 (modified); (5) by Juana\nFigure 107. 3D reconstruction of the 1962 campaign hand-mills from the profiles drawn by F. Jordá Cerdá in his diary. The first on the left was found in square D-6 between structures 1 and 2. The central one in G-6, E of structure 3, and the last find o\nFigure 108. Fusayolas or loom-weights. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 109. SEM photographs of plant taxa identified at San Chuis. After Badal García, Carrión Marco and Jordá Pardo 2011: 128, Figure 2\nFigure 110. Plant taxa identified in the construction debris of structure 6 at San Chuis. After Badal García, Carrión Marco and Jordá Pardo 2011: 130, Figure 3\nFigure 111. Proportions of various diameter branches of different taxa used for the construction of the roof of Roman structure 6. After Badal García, Carrión Marco and Jordá Pardo 2011: 130, Figure 4\nFigure 112. Felling season of branches used for the construction of the roof of Roman structure 6. After Badal García, Carrión Marco and Jordá Pardo 2011: 130, Figure 5\nFigure 113. The size of the domestic cow at San Chuis (left) in relation to the present animal (right); it is noticeably smaller. After Soto and Sesé Benito 2000\nFigure 114. Graphic representation of the remains of Bos Taurus found at San Chuis. After Soto and Sesé Benito 2000\nMaterials and methods\n	4.1. Materials\n		4.1.1. Material collected from excavations and investigation\n		4.1.2. Hardware\n	4.2. Working method\n		4.2.1. Software\n		4.2.2. Methodological development\nFigure 115. Different types of plans drawn during the excavation campaigns: above right and centre, grid planes with finds of log remains indicating their place of discovery; top right, plan of part of structure 12; centre, elevation and profile of part o\nFigure 116. Image of plane 2, with the topographical survey of the summit and the San Chuis hillfort. Beatriz I. Méndez Fernández, 2000. Scale 1:500\nFigure 117. Plane of the excavated area. Annarela Martín López, 2001\nFigure 119. Plane with structures and log points added. Great detail has been applied for the tiles and walls. The plane refers to grid D-20 from the 1981 campaign. From the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá\nFigure 120. Set of nails located in square D-12 during the 1983 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 121. AutoCAD screen capture showing an image inserted with Raster Design, helping to develop the planimetry. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 122. Image of some material from San Chuis, processed using GIMP. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 123. Screen capture of Blender with the modelling of San Chuis in process. Juana Molina Salido\nThe spatial data infrastructure (SDI) of the hillfort\n	5.1. Designing the methodology\n		5.1.1. From paper to digital form\n	5.2. The database\n		5.2.1. The material record table\n		5.2.2. The table of stratigraphic units (SU)\n		5.2.3. The table of stratigraphic wall units (SWU)\n	5.3. Planimetry\n		5.3.1. Planes describing the hillfort’s stratigraphy\n		5.3.2. Geographic, physical and geological environment\n		5.3.3. Analysis of the distribution of the hillfort’s material\n	5.4. The website\n	5.5. Conclusions\nFigure 124. Image showing a mismatch between the general grid of the hillfort (in blue) and the gridlines of the planes drawn on graph paper (violet mesh); the very well drawn structures were matched with those of the plane to correct this distortion. Ju\nFigure 125. AutoCAD image showing the coordinates provided at each selected point, in this case highlighted in blue. On the left (below) each point is accompanied by its registration number in the database. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 126. Screenshot of the general record table of the San Chuis hillfort. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 127. Screenshot of one of the tabs created for each of the items entered. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 128. Vitreous paste eye-bead. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 129. Above, N–S satratigraphic section of walls and structure 3. Below, the E–W section of structure 3. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 130. Lower Quarter Harris matrix. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 131. Upper Quarter Harris matrix. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 132. Screenshot of one of the tabs corresponding to an SWU. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 133. Screenshot of SWU table for the San Chuis hillfort. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 134. Plane of the Lower Quarter with the SWU noted. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 135. Plane of the Upper Quarter with the SWU noted. Juana Molina Salido\nFigures 136 and 137. Plane E-3/1 structure 3 and wall, from the 1962 campaign. Above is the original from the archive of F. Jordá Cerdá, and below the new version in CAD format. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 138. Homepage screenshot. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 139. Screenshot of the entry on the site’s history. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 141. Planimetry screenshot. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 142. Distribution of the iron (circle) and the bronze (triangle) from the 1981 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nSpatial analysis\n	6.1. The 1980 campaign\n	6.2. The 1981 campaign\n	6.3. The 1983 campaign\n	6.4. The 1985 campaign\n	6.5. Pottery: general distribution within the hillfort\n	6.6. Skeletal remains\n	6.7. Metals\n	6.8. Lithic remains\n	6.9. Work areas and occupation units\nFigure 143. Pottery distribution in the Lower Quarter from the 1980 campaign. Visible are the remains of the Roman common TOC and two of the pre-Roman TOC. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 144. Photomontage of the different lithic remains found in this area in the 1980 campaign; the finds are concentrated in a very specific area. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 146. Material from the Upper Quarter (1980 campaign). Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 147. The metal finds, almost all iron. They were concentrated mainly around the walls of the rooms. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 148. Lithic remains from structure 17. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 149. Lithic remains from structure 15, rooms A and B. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 150. The Lower Quarter materials from the 1981 campaign. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 151. Upper Quarter materials from the 1981 campaign. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 152. Roman TOC in grid D-19. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 154. Iron and bone finds from the 1981 campaign. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 155. Lower Quarter finds recorded during the 1983 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 156. Upper Quarter finds recorded during the 1983 campaign. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 157. Upper Quarter finds recorded during the 1985 campaign. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 158. Bone finds from the 1985 campain. These only appear in three grids from the Lower Quarter. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 159. Metal distribution, 1985. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 160. Pottery from the Lower Quarter, 1985. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 162. Distribution of tegulae or brick, 1985. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 163. Pottery distribution at San Chuis. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 165. Upper Quarter pottery distribution. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 166. Terra sigillata, pre-Roman and Roman TOC arrangement in the Upper Quarter. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 167. The distribution of skeletal remains in the Lower Quarter. Juana Molina 2016\nFigure 168. Iron remains from San Chuis. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 169. Lower Quarter lithic remains, showing each hand-mill found (diamond). Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 170. Upper Quarter lithic remains, showing each hand-mill found (diamond). Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 171. San Chuis zoning based on functionality. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 172. Occupation unit 1 (OU-1). Juana Molina Salido\nVirtual San Chuis\n	7.1. General working hypothesis\n	7.2. The reconstruction of the San Chuis hillfort\n		7.2.1. Iron Age II\n		7.2.2. The Roman period\n		7.2.3. Structure 9\n		7.2.4. Structure 3\n		7.2.5. Structure 12\n		7.2.6. Structure 6\n		7.2.7. Structure 15\n		7.2.8. Structure 18\nFigure 173. The hillfort restored and integrated within its environment. E and W views. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 174. The hillfort in Iron Age II, N and S views. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 175. Structure 12 with its hearth and pavement, windbreaks in the industrial zone, and the main gate of the hillfort. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 176. View of the Lower Quarter of San Chuis in Roman times. Structure 6 appears square, and structures 11 and 1, and the windbreak of the industrial zone, have all disappeared. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 177. View of San Chuis in Roman times from the E and W. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 179. General view of San Chuis from the NE. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 180. Structure 9 and its restitution process. Above, the structure can be seen integrated in its environment. The other images show how the roof and framework of beams were placed, taking into account that there was no central post. Juana Molina S\nFigure 181. Several views of the interior of structure 9, showing the hearth placed in the area of the apse. The central images show several details of the framework of the beams and roof from the inside. Below is a view of the stairs and the mezzanine to\nFigure 182. Reconstruction of structure 3. Top view of the interior with the central post and the support underneath, and the raised hearth. The structure of the roof can be seen in the centre and below. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 183. Structure 12. Above, the S facade in Roman times; centre, the structure in Iron Age II; below, the interior hearth and pavement of the circular room. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 184. Structure 12 in the Roman period; aerial view from the N. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 185. View from the NE of the structure that serves as a retaining wall and access. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 186. Structure 6 in the Roman period. Juana Molina Salido\nFigure 187. Structure 15. W facade (front yard) and aerial view. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nFigure 188. View of structure 15 from the S, showing the corridor between both houses. The unevenness of the terrain makes the step of room 15B appear very high. Juana Molina Salido 2016\nFigure 189. Structure 18 in Iron Age and Roman times. Juana Molina Salido 2016 (modified)\nConclusions\nReferences