From outcasts to emperors : Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī cult in medieval Japan

Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 11
List of Illustrations......Page 13
Prologue......Page 15
Introduction......Page 23
 Imagining Mañjuśrī......Page 34
 The Study of Medieval Japanese Buddhism......Page 39
Chapter 1 Living Bodhisattvas and Hijiri: Eison, Ninshō, and the Cults of Mañjuśrī and Gyōki......Page 45
 Eison’s Early Career......Page 47
 Ninshō’s Early Career......Page 50
 Mutual Influences: Scholarly Training and Mañjuśrī Assemblies......Page 58
 Public Works and the Emulation of Gyōki......Page 61
 Eison’s Emulation of Mañjuśrī and “Erasure” of Gyōki......Page 65
 Conclusions......Page 70
Chapter 2 Tradition and Transformation: Precedents for the Saidaiji Order Mañjuśrī Assemblies......Page 72
 The Mañjuśrī Parinirvāṇa Sutra (Mañjuśrī Sutra)......Page 74
 Motifs in the Mt. Wutai Mañjuśrī Cult......Page 76
 Gyōki as Mañjuśrī......Page 79
 State-Sponsored Mañjuśrī Assemblies......Page 81
 Warrior-Sponsored Mañjuśrī Assemblies: Rulers, Rituals, and Relief......Page 87
 Memorial Rites, Mothers, and Mañjuśrī......Page 91
 Conclusions......Page 97
Chapter 3 Discrimination and Empowerment: Hannyaji, Outcasts, and the Living Mañjuśrī......Page 100
 History of Hannyaji and Its Restoration......Page 103
 Construction and 1267 Dedication of the Hannyaji Mañjuśrī......Page 109
  Material and Ritual Context......Page 115
  Doctrinal Context: Icchantikas and Universal Buddhahood......Page 121
 Eison’s 1267 and 1269 Votive Texts for the Hannyaji Mañjuśrī......Page 127
  Icchantikas, Outcasts, and Other Transgressors......Page 128
  Ritual Empowerment, Purification, and Practice......Page 131
 Conclusions......Page 137
Chapter 4 Fundraising, Patronage, and the Hannyaji Mañjuśrī: From Eison to Shinkū......Page 141
 The Hannyaji Restoration and the Rhetoric of Reluctance......Page 142
 “Muen” and the Donations for the Hannyaji Mañjuśrī Image......Page 146
  Iconography and Social Positioning......Page 156
  Shinkū’s Narrative......Page 158
 Conclusions......Page 163
Chapter 5 Exoteric-Esoteric Lineage Construction andMañjuśrī: Dream-Visions in Eison’s and Myōe’s Lineages......Page 165
 Provenance and Contents of Eison’s Statement of Transmission to Shinkū......Page 168
 Shingon, Ritsu, and Uses of Eison’s Statement of Transmission to Shinkū......Page 175
 Myōe, Mañjuśrī, and Dream-Visions......Page 178
 Conclusions......Page 189
Chapter 6 Double Vision: The “Tachikawa” Monkan and Shingon/Ritsu......Page 193
 Sex, Power, and Distortion: Issues in Portraits of Monkan......Page 194
 New Biographical Portrait of Monkan......Page 197
  Monkan’s Early Career......Page 198
  The 1302 Saidaiji Mañjuśrī Pentad......Page 201
  Monkan’s 1314 Saigyokushō......Page 204
  Monkan’s Post-1316 Shingon Career......Page 208
  The 1335 Mt. Kōya Petition, Monkan’s Mañjuśrī Rites, and Shingon Activities......Page 216
  The Construction of the “Heretical” Monkan and the Tachikawa Lineage......Page 223
 Repaying Mother and Protecting the State: Monkan’s Mañjuśrī Paintings......Page 233
 Wish-Fulfilling Jewels, the Three-Deity Combinatory Rites, and Mañjuśrī......Page 239
 Conclusions......Page 246
 Early Saidaiji Order Activities and Outcasts as “Supporters”......Page 248
 Continuity and Change in the Shingon Ritsu Mañjuśrī Cult: From Eison to Monkan......Page 251
 The Shingon Ritsu Mañjuśrī Cult and Outcasts Reconsidered......Page 253
 The Esoteric and the Exoteric in the Saidaiji Order......Page 259
 The Nara Schools and Medieval Buddhism: Models, Maps, and Directions......Page 262
 828 Council of State Directive Establishing Mañjuśrī Assemblies......Page 265
 1239–1240 Gakushōki Entries Introducing Ninshō......Page 267
 Eison’s Monju Kōshiki in Three Parts (ca. 1246)......Page 270
 1247 Collective Vow by Eison and Others......Page 287
 1267 Hannyaji Monju Engi......Page 289
 1269 Hannyaji Monju Bosatsu Zō Zōryū Ganmon......Page 300
 The 1269/3/25 Hannyaji Mañjuśrī Offering Ceremony, Recorded byNakatomi no Sukekata......Page 306
 1287 Hannyaji Uten’ō Zenzai-Dōji Zō Zōryū Ganmon......Page 308
 Nenpu Passages Recording Eison’s Statement of Transmission to Shinkū......Page 310
References......Page 313
Index......Page 329