From Indians in Trinidad to Indo-Trinidadians: The Making of a Girmitiya Diaspora (GeoJournal Library)

Preface
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Photographs
1 Introduction
	1.1 Prelude to the Arrival of Indians: A Brief Social History of Trinidad
	1.2 Understanding the Making of a Girmitiya Diaspora
	1.3 Metamorphosis as an Analytical Device
	References
2 Indentured Migration to Trinidad: Recruitment, Journey, and Life in the Estate
	2.1 Recruitment of Labourers
		2.1.1 The System
		2.1.2 Catchment Area
		2.1.3 The Push to Emigration
	2.2 The Passage
		2.2.1 Emigration Depot
		2.2.2 The Ships
		2.2.3 The Voyage
		2.2.4 The Arrival
	2.3 Life in the Estate
	References
3 Settlement and Community Formation
	3.1 The Evolution of a Girmitiya Diasporic Community
		3.1.1 Population: The Settlers
		3.1.2 Land: The Settlements
		3.1.3 Economic Activities: The Material Basis for Settlement
	3.2 Village Community
	References
4 Ethnicity and Ethnic Mobilisation
	4.1 Resistance, Racial Animosity, and Cultural Resilience
		4.1.1 Resistance and Struggle
		4.1.2 Racial Animosity and Ethnicity
		4.1.3 Cultural Resilience and Ethnicity
	4.2 Representation of Ethnic Interests: Leadership, Associations, and the Print Media
		4.2.1 Village Community, Panchayats, and Local Leadership
		4.2.2 Ethnic Organisations and National Leadership
		4.2.3 The Early Indian Print Media
	4.3 Indians and the Labour Struggles, 1919–1939 and Beyond
	References
5 Elections and the Politicisation of Race and Ethnicity
	5.1 Introduction of Universal Adult Suffrage
	5.2 The Run Up to Independence
	5.3 The First Two Decades of Independence, 1961–1981
	5.4 The Alliance Experiment, 1981–1991
	5.5 Panday’s Pathway to Power, 1991–1995
	References
6 Sex-Ratio Disparity and Marriage: Erasures and Reconstitutions
	6.1 Erasures and Disintegration
		6.1.1 Sex-Ratio Disparity and Its Consequences
		6.1.2 Non-recognition of Hindu and Muslim Marriages
	6.2 The Re-Institutionalisation of Marriage
	6.3 Endogamy: Challenge and Response
		6.3.1 Inter-caste and Intra-varna Marriages
		6.3.2 Religious Endogamy
		6.3.3 Racial Endogamy
	6.4 The Marriage Rites and Rituals
		6.4.1 Marriage Among Hindus
		6.4.2 Marriage Among Muslims
		6.4.3 Marriage Among Presbyterians
		6.4.4 Polygamy, Extra-Marital Relations, and Infidelity
	References
7 Family, Kinship, and Gender Relations: Erasures and Reconstitutions
	7.1 Family and Household
	7.2 Kinship
		7.2.1 Kinship Terminology
		7.2.2 Inheritance
	7.3 Status of Woman and Gender Relations
		7.3.1 De-constitution of Patriarchy
		7.3.2 Re-constitution of Patriarchy
		7.3.3 Challenges to Patriarchy
	References
8 Religion, Ethnic Protest, and Cultural Contestation
	8.1 Encounter with Christianity
	8.2 Religion as Protest
		8.2.1 Firepass Ceremony
		8.2.2 Hosay (Muharram)
		8.2.3 Temple in the Sea
	8.3 Religious Idiom in Cultural Contestations in Recent Times
		8.3.1 The Trinity Cross Episode
		8.3.2 The Hijab Case
	References
9 Religion and Society I: Trinidad Hinduism
	9.1 Indians in a Multi-religious Polity
	9.2 Trinidad Hinduism
		9.2.1 Religious Organisation as an Ethnic Forum
		9.2.2 Christianity and Hinduism
		9.2.3 The Ramayana and Ramleela
		9.2.4 Festivals, Pujas, and Samskaras
		9.2.5 Caste Among Trinidad Hindus
	References
10 Religion and Society II: Presbyterianism, Islam, and Syncretic Practices
	10.1 Presbyterianism: An Indian Church in Trinidad
		10.1.1 The Origins
		10.1.2 Evangelism Through Education
		10.1.3 Preaching Christianity Through the Hindi Medium
		10.1.4 The Church in Crisis
	10.2 Islam and Indio-Trinidadian Muslims
		10.2.1 Two Early Muslim Leaders
		10.2.2 The Sectarian Schisms
		10.2.3 The Indo-Trinidadian Muslim Vis-À-Vis India and Pakistan
		10.2.4 Hinduism and Indo-Trinidadian Muslims
	10.3 Religious Syncretism
		10.3.1 La Divina Pastora/Sipari Mai
	References
11 Culture and the Community: Language and Foodways
	11.1 Language
		11.1.1 Diglossia, and the Birth and Death of Trinidad Bhojpuri
		11.1.2 Presbyterian Mission and the Rise and Decline of Standard Hindi
		11.1.3 Bhojpuri/Hindi in Early Indo-Trinidadian Literature
		11.1.4 Attrition of Trinidad Bhojpuri and Standard Hindi
		11.1.5 Retention and Survival of Linguistic Heritage
		11.1.6 Ethnicity and Linguistic Revival
		11.1.7 Prospects of Hindi as an Ethnic Language
	11.2 Foodways
		11.2.1 Breaking Commensality Barriers
		11.2.2 Revivals, Adaptations, and Innovations
		11.2.3 Of Fasting and Feasting
	References
12 Conclusion
	12.1 India in the Indian Diaspora
	12.2 The Metamorphosis of the Girmitiya Socio-cultural Bundal
	12.3 Social Construction of the ‘Other’ Indian
	12.4 Indo-Trinidadians Today: Ethnicity not Out
	References
Appendices
Glossary