From History to Herstory: Culture, Gender and Religion in Archival Material in Southern Africa

Foreword
Acknowledgement
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction: Culture, Gender and Religion in Archival Material
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Situating the Debate in Context: Oral Traditions and Archival Material
	1.3 Gender, Culture and Religion
	1.4 Gender Relationships in the Pre-colonial Southern Africa
	1.5 Gender Relations during Colonial Times in Southern Africa
	1.6 Postcolony and Gender relations in Southern Africa
	1.7 The Chapters
	References
Part I: Prologue
	Chapter 2: Grandmothers, Mothers, and Persons of Authority: The Non-patriarchal History of the Bantu Matrilineal Zone, 1500 CE to Independence
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 1500–1800
			Social Parenthood
			New Concepts of Wealth and Hierarchy
			Centralized Polities
		2.3 1800 to Present
			Matrilineality and Heterarchy Versus Colonialism
			Wage Labor and Cash Cropping Versus Matrilineality
			Cult of Domesticity and New Patriarchs
			Matrilineality and African Liberation Movements
			Matriliny in Post-colonial Africa
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Precolonial Period
	Chapter 3: Matrilineality, Women Power and the Matriarchs of Precolonial Southern Africa
		3.1 1ntroduction
		3.2 Matrilineality and Women Power
		3.3 Matriarchy and Women Power
			Queen Anna de Sousa Nzinga of Angola
			Colonisation
			Nzinga’s Legacy
			Mbuya Nehanda of Zimbabwe
			‘Mantsopa-the Prophetess
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Are We Not Rightful Citizens Also? Women in Oral Folklore as a Mobilising Force for Contemporary Gender Struggles in Southern Africa
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Background
		4.3 Women as Key Players in Southern African Politics and Rulership
		4.4 Women as Military Strategists and Tacticians
		4.5 Women in Contemporary Society
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: An Exploration of Women Leadership in Pre-colonial Zambia: The Case of Mwenya Mukulu
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Mwenya Mukulu
		5.3 Mwenya’s Contribution
		5.4 Theoretical Framework
		5.5 Literature Review
		5.6 Findings
			Knowledge on Mwenya Mukulu
			The Legacy of Mwenya Mukulu
		5.7 Discussion
		5.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Roles and Rights of Women as Custodians of Legal and Moral Values Through Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Lesotho: The Pre-colonial Era
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Women as Rulers
			Women Rulers in Africa
			Great Queen Manthatisi of Batlokoa
			Other Basotho Queens
		6.3 The Role of Women in a Family Structure
			The Role of a Woman in Caring for a Child from Childbirth
			A Woman as a Mother to Her Family
			Women as Family Governors
			The Seantlo Custom
			Kenela Custom
		6.4 Initiation Schools that Train Women to Take Over Their Different Roles in Society
			Misconceptions of Initiation Schools
			The True Purposes of Lebollo
			Lebollo as Basis of Training on Societal Values and Direction
			Mission of Instructors of Women in Lebollo
		6.5 Women’s Participation in the Traditional Justice System
		6.6 The Implications of Dowry Payment for Marriage
		6.7 Conclusion
		References
			Presentation Papers
			Dissertations and Theses
			Statutes
			Cases
Part III: Colonial Period
	Chapter 7: Struggles Within Struggles: Women Fighting for Liberation in the War of Liberation in Zimbabwe
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Mbuya Nehanda
		7.3 Sally Mugabe: 6 June 1931–27 January 1992
		7.4 Julia Tukai Zvobgo: 8 November 1937–16 February 2004
		7.5 Ruth Chinamano: 16 February 1925–2 January 2005
		7.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Unsung Liberation Heroines: Women and the Liberation Struggles in Colonial Southern Africa
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Queen Lozikheyi Dlodlo of the Ndebele Kingdom (1855–1919), Zimbabwe
		8.3 Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela-Mandela (26 September 1936–2 April 2018), South Africa
		8.4 Josina Abiathar Muthemba Machel (10 August 1945–7 April 1971), Mozambique
		8.5 Mama Salome Kapwepwe (8 August 1926–8 May 2017), Zambia
		8.6 Gertrude Kandanga-Hilukilwa (1 January 1937–20 December 2002), Namibia
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Post-colonial Period
	Chapter 9: Women’s Struggles for Innovation in Colonial Southern Africa
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Context of the Study
		9.3 Concepts of Innovation and Struggles
		9.4 Modality of Influence
		9.5 Struggles for Innovation
		9.6 Nature of Influence on Basotho Women
		9.7 Triggers of Innovation
		9.8 Theory of Intersectionality
		9.9 Methodology
		9.10 Impact of the Innovation
			Leveraging of Basotho Women to Managerial Positions
			Seeking Paid Employment
			Creation of New Clothing
			Change of Basotho Women’s Perceptions
			Bestowing a New Conception of Womanhood
			Abating Stereotypes Towards Missionaries
		9.11 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Gender Equality Narratives by Zimbabwean Women: Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Context
			Conceptualisation
			Factors Hindering Gender Equality
		10.3 Methodology
		10.4 Findings and Discussion
			Education and Gender Equality Narratives
			Employment and Gender Equality Narratives
			Entrepreneurship and Gender Equality Narratives
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Shona Women and Rainmaking Rituals in Zimbabwe: Indigenous Women’s Ecological Wisdom and Agency
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Background
		11.3 Definition of Key Terms
			Ritual
			Rainmaking
			Indigenous Knowledge Systems
			Ecology
		11.4 Theoretical Framework
		11.5 Methodology
		11.6 Situational Analysis
		11.7 Rainmaking Rituals in Africa: Literature Review
		11.8 Shona Women’s Ecological Wisdom and Agency in Rain Petition Rituals
		11.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: UNongqawuse ngase mlanjeni: Re-imagining a Young ingqirhakazi and a Human Being
		12.1 Introduction and Background
		12.2 Methodology
		12.3 Self-location
		12.4 Single Story: Nongqawuse “Prophetess of Doom”
			The Double Standard of AmaXhosa People
			The Incident Was Exploited by Colonial Masters
		12.5 Alternative Story: Re-imagining a Young Woman
			As a Young Ingqirhakazi, and a Talented Stick Fighter
			As a Young Woman, Who Is Well-known for Possessing a Prophetic Calling
			As a Young Woman Who Partakes in Rituals Performed Emlanjeni
			As a Woman Who Did Not Break Her Silence on the Controversies Surrounding Her Prophecy
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: 2018 Harmonized Elections and Women’s Lack of Voice in Zimbabwe: How Can Women Build Capacity?
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Background
		13.3 Reaction by Family
		13.4 Challenges Women Faced
			Stereotyping
			Patriarchy
			Funding
			Campaign Schedules
			Election Approach, Language and Masculinity
		13.5 Capacity Building During Primary Election: The Weakest Link
		13.6 Open Letter to My Fellow Women
			‘Can the white man speak for me?’
			Women Can Do It
			How Do You Prepare Yourself for Achievement?
			Then What Do You Do?
			How Should Women Build Capacity to Enter Political Spaces?
		13.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: The Evolution of Women’s Positionality in Post-Colonial Lesotho’s Households, Education and Politics: From Being a ‘Child’ to Being a Decision Maker
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Previous Debates on Women’s Positionality During the Colonial Era
			Women as Homemakers
			Women in Education
			Women in Politics
		14.3 Theorising Women’s Positionality
		14.4 Methodology
		14.5 Repositioning Women in Post-Colonial Lesotho
			Document Analysis
			Theme 1: Positionality of Women
				The Constitution of Lesotho, 1993
			Theme 2: Households
				Sexual Offences Act, 2003
				Married Persons Equality Act, 2006
			Theme 3: Education
				The Education Sector Strategic Plan, 2005–2015
			Theme 4: Politics
				National Assembly Electoral Act, 2011
		14.6 Concluding and Beginning
		References
	Chapter 15: Shifting Gender Dynamics in Postcolonial Lesotho: The Lived Experiences of Some Female Secondary School Principals
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Theoretical Grounding
		15.3 A Historical Perspective on Gender Roles
		15.4 Duties of School Principals
		15.5 Effects of Challenges on School Principal’s Efficacy
		15.6 Methodology
			Ethical Considerations
		15.7 The Challenges
			Power Struggle
			Learners’ Indiscipline
			Feeling Inferior
			Sexual Harassment by an Education Officer
		15.8 The Coping Mechanisms
			Handling the Power Struggle
			Training Workshops
			Community Awareness Campaign
			Enforcement of Educational Laws
			Mitigating Learners’ Indiscipline
			Continuous Spot-checking and Involving of Law Enforcement Personnel
			Dealing with Inferiority
			Training
			Peer Support Initiatives
		15.9 Discussion
		15.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Women and the World of Science: Challenges and Prospects in Post-Colonial Lesotho Post-secondary Education
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Notion of Women Scientists
		16.3 Historical Background of Women Scientists in Lesotho
		16.4 Women in Various Scientific Domains
		16.5 Challenges of Women in Science in Lesotho
		16.6 Opportunities for Basotho Women in Science
		16.7 Gender Gap in the Scientific World
		16.8 Theory of Stiwanism
		16.9 Methodology
		16.10 Challenges Drawn from the Narratives
			Lack of Mentorship
			Unfair Treatment
			Unavailability of Science Hubs
		16.11 Prospects of Basotho Women in Science
			Innovation and Creativity
			Ascendancy to Leadership Positions
		16.12 Conclusion
		References
Index