From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband

Title
......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
List of Figures......Page 17
List of Tables......Page 25
List of Abbreviations......Page 27
1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching......Page 39
1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP......Page 41
1.3 Transmission Speeds......Page 42
1.4 The Signaling System Number 7......Page 43
1.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack......Page 44
1.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM......Page 46
1.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack......Page 47
1.5 The GSM Subsystems......Page 48
1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)......Page 49
1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR)......Page 51
1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR)......Page 52
1.6.4 The Authentication Center......Page 56
1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC)......Page 57
1.7.1 Frequency Bands......Page 59
1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)......Page 61
1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface......Page 62
1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC)......Page 68
1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding......Page 72
1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS......Page 76
1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects......Page 77
1.7.8 Modulation......Page 80
1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection......Page 81
1.8.1 Call Reselection and Location Area Update......Page 82
1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call......Page 84
1.8.3 Handover Scenarios......Page 87
1.9 The Mobile Device......Page 89
1.10 The SIM Card......Page 91
1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL......Page 96
References......Page 98
2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM......Page 101
2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS......Page 102
2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface......Page 104
2.3.3 Coding Schemes......Page 106
2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)......Page 108
2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation......Page 111
2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface......Page 113
2.4 The GPRS State Model......Page 115
2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU)......Page 118
2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)......Page 119
2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)......Page 121
2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management......Page 122
2.7 GPRS Interfaces......Page 126
2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM)......Page 130
2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks......Page 131
2.8.2 GPRS Session Management......Page 132
2.9 Session Management from a User Point of View......Page 135
2.10 Small Screen Web Browsing over GPRS and EDGE......Page 138
2.10.1 WAP 1.1 Used in Early GPRS Devices......Page 139
2.10.2 WAP 2.0......Page 141
2.10.3 Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression......Page 142
2.10.4 Small Screen Web Browsing – Quality of Experience......Page 143
2.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS......Page 144
2.12.1 Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience......Page 148
2.12.2 Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web Browsing......Page 150
References......Page 151
3.1 Overview, History and Future......Page 153
3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation......Page 154
3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 157
3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity......Page 160
3.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements......Page 161
3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB)......Page 162
3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum......Page 163
3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 164
3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree......Page 168
3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction......Page 169
3.3.5 The Near–Far Effect and Cell Breathing......Page 171
3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM......Page 173
3.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane......Page 174
3.4.3 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels......Page 175
3.4.4 Example: Network Search......Page 179
3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure......Page 181
3.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack......Page 183
3.5.1 Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP and FP......Page 186
3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP......Page 188
3.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States......Page 192
3.6 Core Network Mobility Management......Page 196
3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State......Page 197
3.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State......Page 205
3.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States......Page 207
3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment......Page 208
3.9 UMTS Security......Page 211
3.10.1 HSDPA Channels......Page 213
3.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)......Page 215
3.10.3 Node-B Scheduling......Page 217
3.10.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates and Multicarrier Operation......Page 218
3.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection......Page 219
3.10.6 HSDPA Mobility Management......Page 220
3.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)......Page 221
3.11.1 E-DCH Channel Structure......Page 222
3.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality......Page 225
3.11.3 E-DCH Scheduling......Page 226
3.11.4 E-DCH Mobility......Page 229
3.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC and One Tunnel......Page 230
3.12.2 CQI Reporting Reduction and DTX and DRX......Page 231
3.12.4 HS-SCCH-less Operation......Page 232
3.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell-/URA-PCH States......Page 233
3.12.6 Radio Network Enhancement: One Tunnel......Page 234
3.13 HSPA Performance in Practice......Page 235
3.13.2 Radio Resource State Management......Page 236
3.13.3 Power Consumption......Page 237
3.13.4 Web-Browsing Experience......Page 238
3.14 UMTS and CDMA2000......Page 239
3.15 Questions......Page 241
References......Page 242
4.1 Introduction and Overview......Page 243
4.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface......Page 245
4.2.2 The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces......Page 247
4.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME)......Page 250
4.2.5 The PDN-Gateway......Page 252
4.2.6 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS)......Page 253
4.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network......Page 255
4.3.1 OFDMA for Downlink Transmission......Page 256
4.3.2 SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission......Page 258
4.3.4 Reference and Synchronization Signals......Page 259
4.3.5 The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction......Page 261
4.3.7 System Information Messages......Page 262
4.3.8 The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction......Page 263
4.3.9 MIMO Transmission......Page 265
4.3.10 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms......Page 268
4.3.11 PDCP Compression and Ciphering......Page 270
4.3.12 Protocol Layer Overview......Page 271
4.4 TD-LTE Air Interface......Page 272
4.5.1 Downlink Scheduling......Page 273
4.5.2 Uplink Scheduling......Page 276
4.6.1 Cell Search......Page 277
4.6.2 Attach and Default Bearer Activation......Page 279
4.6.3 Handover Scenarios......Page 283
4.6.4 Default and Dedicated Bearers......Page 287
4.7.1 Mobility Management in Connected State......Page 288
4.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State......Page 290
4.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM......Page 292
4.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS......Page 293
4.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and GSM/UMTS......Page 294
4.9.3 Handover between LTE and GSM/UMTS......Page 295
4.10 Interworking with CDMA2000 Networks......Page 296
4.10.3 Handover between LTE and CDMA2000......Page 297
4.11.2 Cell Edge Performance......Page 298
4.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality......Page 299
4.12 Voice and SMS over LTE......Page 300
4.12.1 SMS over SGs......Page 301
4.12.2 CS Fallback......Page 302
4.12.3 VoLGA......Page 304
4.12.4 IMS and the One Voice Profile......Page 306
4.12.6 LTE Bearer Configurations for VoIP......Page 308
4.13 Backhaul Considerations......Page 309
4.14.1 Latency Reduction......Page 310
4.14.4 Relays......Page 311
4.15 Questions......Page 312
References......Page 313
5.1 Overview......Page 315
5.2 Standards, Evolution and Profiles......Page 317
5.3 WiMAX PHYs for Point-to-Multipoint FDD or TDD Operation......Page 318
5.3.1 Adaptive OFDM Modulation and Coding......Page 319
5.3.2 Physical Layer Speed Calculations......Page 321
5.3.3 Cell Sizes......Page 322
5.4.1 Frame Structure in FDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks......Page 324
5.4.2 Frame Structure in TDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks......Page 326
5.5 Ensuring Quality of Service......Page 328
5.6.1 Connecting to the Network......Page 331
5.6.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection......Page 335
5.7.2 Data Retransmission (ARQ)......Page 336
5.8 Security......Page 339
5.8.1 Authentication......Page 340
5.8.2 Ciphering......Page 341
5.9.1 Mesh Network Topology......Page 342
5.9.2 Adaptive Antenna Systems......Page 344
5.10.1 OFDM Multiple Access for 802.16e Networks......Page 346
5.10.2 MIMO......Page 347
5.10.3 Handover......Page 348
5.10.4 Power-Saving Functionality......Page 351
5.10.5 Idle Mode......Page 352
5.11.1 Network Reference Architecture......Page 353
5.11.2 Micro Mobility Management......Page 355
5.11.3 Macro Mobility Management......Page 356
5.12 Questions......Page 357
References......Page 358
6.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards......Page 359
6.3.1 Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS and Wireless Bridging......Page 361
6.3.2 SSID and Frequency Selection......Page 365
6.4 Management Operations......Page 366
6.5.1 Air Interface Access Control......Page 371
6.5.2 The MAC Header......Page 373
6.6.1 IEEE 802.11b – 11Mbit/s......Page 375
6.6.2 IEEE 802.11g with up to 54 Mbit/s......Page 377
6.6.4 IEEE 802.11n with up to 600 Mbits/s......Page 379
6.7 Wireless LAN Security......Page 386
6.7.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)......Page 387
6.7.2 WPA and WPA Personal Mode Authentication......Page 388
6.7.3 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication......Page 389
6.7.4 EAP-SIM Authentication......Page 391
6.7.5 WPA and WPA2 Encryption......Page 392
6.8 IEEE 802.11e and WMM – Quality of Service......Page 393
6.9 Comparison of Wireless LAN and UMTS......Page 398
6.10 Questions......Page 400
References......Page 401
7.1 Overview and Applications......Page 403
7.2 Physical Properties......Page 405
7.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept......Page 407
7.4.1 The Baseband Layer......Page 409
7.4.2 The Link Controller......Page 414
7.4.4 The HCI Interface......Page 416
7.4.5 The L2CAP Layer......Page 419
7.4.6 The Service Discovery Protocol......Page 420
7.4.7 The RFCOMM Layer......Page 422
7.4.8 Overview of Bluetooth Connection Establishment......Page 423
7.5.1 Pairing up to Bluetooth 2.0......Page 424
7.5.2 Pairing with Bluetooth 2.1 (Secure Simple Pairing)......Page 426
7.5.4 Encryption......Page 427
7.5.6 Security Modes......Page 429
7.6.1 Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP and the Serial Profile......Page 430
7.6.2 The Network Profiles: DUN, LAP and PAN......Page 432
7.6.3 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push and Synchronize......Page 435
7.6.4 Headset, Hands-Free and SIM Access Profile......Page 437
7.6.5 High-Quality Audio Streaming......Page 441
7.7 Comparison between Bluetooth and Wireless LAN......Page 443
References......Page 444
Index......Page 447