From Electronic to Mobile Government

Preface
Contents
Introduction
	1 Mobile Cross-border Government Services for Europe
	2 The mGov4EU Project
	3 Outline of the Book
	References
User and Design Research of Digital Government
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges in User Experience Research of Digital Government Services
	3 Good Practices and Lessons Learned
	4 Conclusion
	References
M-Government Services: A Multi-country Stakeholder Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Stakeholder Ecosystem
		2.1 Active Stakeholders
			2.1.1 ID/Credential/Trust Providers
			2.1.2 Users
		2.2 Enabling Stakeholders
			2.2.1 Developing Stakeholders
			2.2.2 Framing Stakeholders
	3 Insights from End Users: Service Providers
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis
		3.3 Summary of the Results
			3.3.1 SDGR
			3.3.2 Once-Only Principle
			3.3.3 Cross-border Aspects
			3.3.4 Mobile and Digital Services
			3.3.5 eID, eIDAS, and Identity Management
		3.4 Service Provider Insights and Key Takeaways
			3.4.1 SDGR/OOP
			3.4.2 Cross-border Services
			3.4.3 Mobile and Digital Services
			3.4.4 eID and eIDAS
	4 Insights from End Users: Citizens
		4.1 Perceived Ease of Use
		4.2 Perceived Reliability
		4.3 Perceived Security
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
		Coding Taxonomy
	References
Design and Architecture of Mobile Cross-Border Services Building Blocks
	1 Introduction
	2 eIDAS-Related Services: Secure Digital Identity and Trust
	3 Facilitating Access to European Cross-Border Digital Public Services
	4 mGov4EU Reference Architecture
	5 Architectural Design of eID Interoperability System
	6 Architectural Design of Digital Wallet System
	7 Architectural Design of the SDG Interoperability System
	8 Architectural Design of eSignature Interoperability System
	9 Conclusions
	References
Implementation and System Integration
	1 Vision and Requirements
	2 eIDAS Cross-Border Authentication
		2.1 Cross-Border Authentication Primer
		2.2 Challenges Going Mobile-First
	3 A Solution for Mobile-First eIDAS Cross-Border Authentication
		3.1 App-Based Approach
			3.1.1 App-to-App Communication
			3.1.2 Relay Service
			3.1.3 Country Selection
		3.2 SDK-Based Approach
	4 Bridging the Gap Toward the EU Digital Identity Wallet
		4.1 SIOPv2 to oidc
		4.2 Trust in eIDAS App
		4.3 OIDC Authorization Code in Wallet Scenario
	5 Interoperable Digital Public Service Evidence Retrieval
		5.1 Cross-Border Evidence Retrieval: Challenges and Solutions
		5.2 Resulting User Journey
		5.3 Employed Technological Elements
	6 Conclusions
	References
An i-Voting Pilot in the eIDAS and SDG Context
	1 Online Voting, Authentication, and Authorization
	2 eIDAS App Integration for Authentication (and Authorization)
		2.1 eID Authentication
		2.2 Wallet Authentication
	3 SDG Integration for Authorization
	4 Pilot Events
		4.1 Pilot Event #1: University of Tartu
		4.2 Pilot Event #2: University of Stuttgart
	5 Lessons Learned and Conclusions
	References
Ethical and Data Protection Considerations in Mobile Government: An EU Perspective
	1 Fundamental Rights and Data Protection in the EU and in eGovernment
		1.1 General Background
		1.2 mGov4EU: At the Intersection of Identification, Once-Only, and Reliable Information Exchanges
	2 The eIDAS 2 Amendment and the EU Digital Identity Wallet Model: Concept and Key Fundamental Rights Choices
		2.1 General Concept of the Wallets
		2.2 Ethical and Data Protection Perspectives in Relation to the Wallets
		2.3 Reliable Interactions with eGovernment Services and with Third Parties
	3 An mGov4EU Perspective
	4 Perspectives for the Future
	References
Evaluating Digital Government Projects: Emphasizing Process and Relevance Through Transdisciplinary Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Mobile Government Evaluation Framework
	3 Method
		3.1 Real-World Context
		3.2 Interdisciplinarity
		3.3 Beyond Science
		3.4 Interaction
		3.5 Integration
		3.6 Relevance
	4 Indicators
	5 Challenges of Transdisciplinary Evaluations
	6 Applying the Transdisciplinary Evaluation Framework to the mGov4EU Project
		6.1 mGov4EU Real-World Context
		6.2 mGov4EU Interdisciplinary Research
		6.3 mGov4EU Going Beyond Science
		6.4 mGov4EU Interaction
		6.5 mGov4EU Integration
		6.6 mGov4EU Relevance
	7 Evaluation of Horizon 2020 Evaluation Reports on Pillars of Transdisciplinarity
	8 Discussion
	References
Ensuring Security in Development-Oriented Collaborative Research Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Background
		3.1 Characteristics of Development-Oriented Collaborative Research Projects
		3.2 Security-Related Challenges in Development-Oriented Collaborative Research Projects
		3.3 Use Case: H2020 Project mGov4EU
	4 Integration of Security into Collaborative Research Projects
		4.1 Step 1: Identification of Domain-Specific Requirements
		4.2 Step 2: Identification of Project-Specific Requirements
		4.3 Step 3: Selection of Security-Evaluation and Security-Assurance Techniques
		4.4 Step 4: Integration of Security-Related Activities into Project Structure
		4.5 Step 5: Execution of Security-Related Activities
	5 Evaluation
		5.1 Step 1: Identification of Domain-Specific Requirements
		5.2 Step 2: Identification of Project-Specific Requirements
		5.3 Step 3: Selection of Security-Evaluation and Security-Assurance Techniques
		5.4 Step 4: Integration of Security-Related Activities into Project Structure
		5.5 Step 5: Execution of Security-Related Activities
	6 Conclusions
	References
Sustainability and Governance of the mGov4EU Project
	1 Introduction
	2 Drivers and Barriers of the mGov4EU Project
		2.1 Impacting Factors
			2.1.1 Exploring Cross-Border Mobile Government Factors
			2.1.2 Technological Factors: Navigating Cross-Border Challenges
			2.1.3 Organisational Factors
			2.1.4 Institutional Factors
			2.1.5 Actors
			2.1.6 Other Factors
	3 Piloting Impact Assessment
		3.1 Phase I: Design Phase Evaluation
		3.2 Phase II: Pilot Execution Evaluation
	4 Sustainability and Governance
		4.1 Challenges and Requirements
		4.2 GOFA Model
			4.2.1 Principles of Governance: High-Level “Rules” Shaping Organisational Structures and Governance Processes
			4.2.2 Operational Dimension of GOFA
			4.2.3 Financial Dimension of GOFA
			4.2.4 Architecture Dimension of GOFA
		4.3 Objective and Key Results
	5 Co-creation and Business Model Canvas
		5.1 Challenges and Requirements
		5.2 Co-creation Principles of mGov4EU
			5.2.1 Co-creation Workshop Concepts
		5.3 Business Model Canvas for mGov4EU
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Cross-Border Mobile Government Services: Exploring Business Model Dynamics in mGov4EU
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Business Model Concepts
		2.2 Business Model Innovation in the Public Sector
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Customer Segments (Key Partnerships) and Value Propositions
		4.2 Channels and Customer Relationships
		4.3 Revenue Streams and Key Resources
		4.4 Key Activities and Cost Structure
	5 Reflection
	6 Conclusions
	References
Future Outlook and Research Ideas
	1 The Basis: eIDAS, SDG and Synergies Between These
	2 Governance Outlook
	3 Privacy and Data Protection Outlook
	4 Electronic Services Outlook
	5 Mobile Technologies Outlook
	6 Conclusions
	References
Summary
	1 What Can We Learn from 3 Years of Transdisciplinary Research in the mGov4EU Project?
	2 Takeaways from Using SDGR and eIDAS Layers in Pilots
	3 Findings Derived from Mobile Government Users' Experiences
	4 Security, Ethics and Privacy
	5 Sustainability Beyond the Project
	6 Epilogue: Some Famous Last Words