Freshwaters and Wetlands of Patagonia: Ecosystems and Socioecological Aspects (Natural and Social Sciences of Patagonia)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Ecosystem Patterns and Processes
	Chapter 1: Navigating the Freshwaters of Patagonia... and This Book
		1 The Many Ways to Look at Patagonia
		2 The Many Ways to Read This Book
			2.1 The Water, the Ecosystems and the Communities
			2.2 The Many Influences of Volcanic Activity
			2.3 Patagonian History and the Memory of Waters
			2.4 Freshwaters and Wetlands in Present-Day Patagonia
			2.5 Conservation and Protection: Are We Winning?
			2.6 Water and Environmental Justice in Patagonia
		References
	Chapter 2: Are Wetlands Freshwaters?
		1 Introduction
		2 But, What Are Wetlands?
		3 The Brinson’s Approach
		4 Patagonian Inland Wetlands
		5 Wetlands and Society
		References
	Chapter 3: North Patagonian Andean Deep Lakes: Impact of Glacial Recession and Volcanic Eruption
		1 Introduction
		2 The Deep Andean-Patagonian Lakes of Argentina
		3 Climate Change
		4 Volcanic Eruptions
		5 Lake Water Column: Light, Temperature, and Nutrients
		6 Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) as a Sensitive Variable
		7 Mixotrophic Nanoflagellates: Light and Feeding
		8 Changes in C:P and Crustacean Zooplankton Distribution
		9 Volcanic Eruption and Cladoceran Disappearance
		10 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 4: Current State and Recent Changes of Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes (~37 °S to 55 °S)
		1 Introduction
		2 The Patagonian Andes
		3 Glacier Distribution in the Patagonian Andes
		4 Ice Volume in the Patagonian Andes
		5 Glacier Changes in the Patagonian Andes
			5.1 Glacier Area Changes
			5.2 Glacier Mass Changes
			5.3 Causes of Glacier Mass Change
		6 Hydrological Significance of Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes
		7 Glacier as Risk Sources in the Patagonian Andes
		8 Regulation Measures and Protection of Patagonian Glaciers
		9 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 5: Biogeographical Patterns of Patagonian Freshwater Microbiota
		1 Introduction
		2 Prokaryotic Assemblages and Their Patterns
			2.1 Molecular Diversity Patterns
			2.2 Abundance Patterns
		3 Eukaryotic Assemblages and Their Patterns
			3.1 Morphological-based and Functional Diversity of Nano- and Micro-phytoplankton
			3.2 Molecular Diversity Patterns
			3.3 Abundance Patterns
		4 Implications for Management and Conservation
		5 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 6: Diversity Patterns Across Aquatic Communities From Peat Bogs in Changing Environmental Scenarios
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Importance of Peatlands
			1.2 Peatland Succession
			1.3 Tierra del Fuego Peat Bogs
			1.4 Peat Bog Communities, Nature Contributions to People and Threats
		2 Studies in Rancho Hambre and Andorra Peat Bogs
			2.1 Study Sites
			2.2 Sampling Design and Analyses
			2.3 Diversity Patterns of Rancho Hambre Clear Ponds: Potential Impact of Anthropogenic Activities in a Global Change Context
			2.4 The Sphagnum Matrix Hosts a Distinct, High Biodiversity
			2.5 The Communities from Different Aquatic Environments: A Regional Study
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Extreme Freshwater Ecosystems in Patagonia: The Copahue-Agrio System
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 The Upper Agrio River (UA) Basin: The Source of Acidity
		4 Lake Caviahue: A Lake of Variable pH
		5 Phytoplankton
		6 Water–Sediment Interactions
		7 Acidity Gradient and Algal Epilithic Development in the Lower Agrio River (LA)
		8 Applied Aspects
			8.1 Behaviour of a Naturally Acidic Lake as a Fenton Reactor
			8.2 Use of Acidophilic Algae as Indicators
		9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Mercury in Aquatic Systems of North Patagonia (Argentina): Sources, Processes, and Trophic Transfer
		1 Overview of Mercury in the Environment
		2 Freshwaters in the Patagonian Landscape
		3 Mercury in Andean Patagonian Catchments
			3.1 First Records of Mercury in Andean Patagonian Catchments: Evidence from the Analysis of Lake Sediment Sequences (Legacy Mercury/Historical Mercury)
			3.2 Mercury in the Nahuel Huapi Catchment
				Atmospheric Mercury: Assessments Through Bioindication and Ambient Concentration Monitoring
				Mercury in Vegetation and Soils
				Mercury in Freshwaters
				Mercury in Lacustrine Sediments
		4 Mercury Trophodynamics in Lakes
		5 Perspectives on Mercury Cycling in Andean Patagonian Catchments in a Context of Climate Change
		References
Part II: Socioecological Aspects of Freshwater Ecosystems in Patagonia
	Chapter 9: Hydrologic Systems, Water Uses, and Emerging Conflicts Around Freshwater Availability in Patagonia
		1 Introduction
		2 General Hydrological Features
			2.1 Andean Hydrology
				Hydrological Regulation Systems in the Andes
			2.2 Extra-Andean Hydrology
		3 Main Economic Activities and Land Use in Patagonian Basins
		4 Main River Basins of Patagonia
			4.1 Colorado River Basin
			4.2 Negro River Basin
				Neuquén River
				Limay River
				Negro River (Downstream of Neuquén-Limay Confluence)
			4.3 Chubut, Senguer, and Chico River Basins
				Chubut Main River Basin
				Senguer River Basin
				Chico River Basin
			4.4 Puelo River Basin
			4.5 Futaleufú-Yelcho River Basin
			4.6 Carrenleufú-Palena River Basin
			4.7 Cisnes River Basin
			4.8 Aysén River Basin
			4.9 Baker River Basin
			4.10 Pascua River Basin
			4.11 Serrano River Basin
			4.12 Deseado River Basin
			4.13 Chico-Chalía River Basin
			4.14 Santa Cruz River Basin
			4.15 Coyle River Basin
			4.16 Gallegos River Basin
			4.17 River Basins of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
				Grande River Basin
				Fagnano-Azopardo River Basin
			4.18 Main River Basins Flow Summary
		5 Institutional Regulatory Framework for Water Management in Argentina and Chile
		6 Main Water-Related Conflicts in Patagonian Basins
		7 Climate Change and Water Availability in Patagonia
		References
	Chapter 10: Patagonian Wetlands: Vertientes, Vegas, Mallines, Turberas, and Lagunas
		1 Wetland Types: Definitions
			1.1 Mallines and Vegas
			1.2 Turberas
			1.3 Lagunas
			1.4 Vertientes
		2 Nature Contributions to People
		3 Wetland Water Quality and Biodiversity
			3.1 Mallines, Their Lagunas, and Vertientes
			3.2 Turberas and Their Lagunas
			3.3 Lagunas from Basaltic Plateaus and Endorheic Depressions
		4 Threats to Wetland Biodiversity and Functioning
			4.1 Livestock Breeding and Agriculture
			4.2 Urbanizations
			4.3 Invasive Species
			4.4 Human Threats to Turberas: Peat Extraction, Drainage, and Tourism
			4.5 Climate Change
			4.6 Interactions Among Threats
		5 Wetland Conservation Status
			5.1 Argentinian Patagonia
			5.2 Chilean Patagonia
		6 Knowledge Gaps
		References
	Chapter 11: Land-Use Effects on Aquatic and Wetland Ecosystems: An Overview of Environmental Impacts and Tools for Ecological Assessment
		1 Introduction
		2 Land-Use Effects on Aquatic Environments
			2.1 Agricultural Practices
				Pasture Conversion and Livestock Breeding
				Emergent Land-Use Practices
				Use of Agrochemicals
				Forestry and Pine Plantation
				Forest Fires
			2.2 Hydrological Interventions
			2.3 Urbanization
			2.4 Mining
			2.5 Biological Invasions in Patagonian Freshwaters
		3 Bioindicators and Biomarkers in Ecological Assessments
		4 Mitigation Measures
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Invasive Species: The Case of Didymosphenia geminata in Neuquén, Argentina
		1 Introduction
		2 D. geminata Presence: Management and Prevention Actions in the Neuquén Province, Argentina
		3 Dispersion of D. geminata in the Province
		4 Ecological Preferences of D. geminata
		5 Algal Diversity Related to D. geminata
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Fish and Fisheries of the Patagonian Steppe
		1 Introduction
		2 General Background
		3 Main Characteristics of the Ichthyofauna
		4 Fish Species Composition
			4.1 Main Family Characteristics
				Geotriidae
				Characidae
				Diplomystidae
				Callychthydae
				Trichomycteridae
				Ariidae
				Galaxiidae
				Atherinopsidae
				Percichthydae
				Eleginopsidae
				Cyprinidae
				Salmonidae
				Poeciliidae
				Anablepidae
				Mugilidae
				Paralichthyidae
		5 Species Distribution Patterns
			5.1 Species of Restricted Distribution
		6 Fish Assemblages and Fisheries of the Main Basins
			6.1 Colorado River
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
			6.2 Negro River
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
			6.3 Chubut and Senguerr Rivers
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
			6.4 Santa Cruz River
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
			6.5 Gallegos River
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
			6.6 Grande River
				Ichthyofauna Characteristics
				Fisheries
		7 Impacts and Threats
			7.1 Species Introduction
			7.2 Land Use
			7.3 Pollution
			7.4 Water Use and Hydraulic Infrastructure
			7.5 Poaching and Illegal and Bycatch Fishing
			7.6 Climate Change
		8 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 14: Influence of the Fish Introduction in Lakes of the Arid Southern Patagonia
		1 Introduction
		2 Characterisation of the Lakes of the Patagonian Steppe
			2.1 Topography
			2.2 Climate
			2.3 Limnological Characterisation
		3 Fish Introduction
		4 Influence of Fish Introduction on Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Planktonic Communities
		5 Influence of Fish Introduction on Zooplankton and Macroinvertebrate Communities
		6 Influence of Fish Introduction on Food Webs
		7 Joint Influence of Fish Introduction and Climate Change
		8 Potential Effects of Trout and Climate on Hooded Grebe
		9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Amphibians and Waterbirds as Bridges to Conserve Aquatic, Wetland and Terrestrial Habitats in Patagonia
		1 Introduction
		2 Amphibians From Patagonian Freshwaters: History, Diversity and Ecology
		3 Waterbirds From Patagonian Freshwaters: History, Diversity and Ecology
		4 Conservation Status and Threats Affecting Amphibians and Waterbirds in Patagonian Freshwaters
			4.1 Amphibians
			4.2 Waterbirds
		5 Needs for the Long-Term Conservation of Amphibians and Waterbirds in Patagonian Freshwaters
			5.1 Actions Needed
		6 Conservation Priorities Based on Endangered Species and Habitats
		7 Amphibians and Waterbirds as Flagships to Conserve Freshwaters and Terrestrial Habitats
		8 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 16: Cultural Limnology in Patagonia: Knowledge and Water Management in Mapuche Rural Communities
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Cultural Limnology: An Overview of Local Freshwater Knowledge
			1.2 Historical and Geographical Context of Mapuche Limnological Knowledge
		2 The Becoming of Waters: Some Experiences in Mapuche Communities of Patagonia
			2.1 Drinking Waters in Patagonian Arid Zones
			2.2 Waters for Agriculture: A Design Based on Accommodation to Water Network
			2.3 Waters in the Transition from the Sacred to the Political Dimensions
			2.4 Waters in the Emergence of Memories and Rights Vindication
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Political Ecology, Water Valuations and Feasibility of Water Law Deliberation in the Province of Tierra del Fuego, AIAS (1993–2016)
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework
			2.1 Political Ecology and Valuations of Water
			2.2 The Valuations of Nature and Water from the Classification Between Public, Private, and Common Goods: Legal Meanings and Sociopolitical Meanings
		3 The Imbalance Between Valuations of Water as an Obstacle Factor for a Water Law in the Province of Tierra del Fuego, AIAS
			3.1 Case Study
			3.2 Water in the Province of Tierra del Fuego, AIAS. Overall Characteristics
		4 Conflicts and Water Valuation Languages
			4.1 Actors, Interests, Main Uses of Water in Provincial Hydrological Basins, and Environmental Effects
			4.2 Conflicts Due to the Lack of Specific Ruling Between 1993 and 2016
		5 The Process Undergone to a Water Law in the Province
			5.1 The Timeline in the Process to a Water Law
			5.2 Main Contributions of Law No. 1,126 of Integrated Management of Water Resources
		6 Conclusions: Valuations of Water According to Water Law in Tierra del Fuego, AIAS, and the Defense of Water as a Public Good
		References
	Chapter 18: Reaching Out for the UNDP Sustainable Development Goals in Patagonia
		1 Introduction
		2 The Ecosystems Perspective for Studying Freshwaters of Patagonia
			2.1 Drivers of Change in Patagonia
			2.2 Concepts and Applications of Ecosystem Service Perspectives
			2.3 General Challenges in Applying the ES Perspective: Science and Governance
				Freshwater and Wetland Science
				Governance of Water Resources
		3 Are We on the Right Path?
		References