Free-living Marine Nematodes from the East China Sea

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: General Introduction
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Nematodes and the East China Sea
		1.1 General Introduction to the Ecological Importance and Research Significance of Free-Living Marine Nematodes
		1.2 General Introduction to the East China Sea
		References
	Chapter 2: Morphology of Free-Living Nematode
		2.1 Structure
		2.2 Size and Shape
		2.3 Body Wall
		2.4 Sense Organs
		2.5 Nervous System
		2.6 Digestive System
		2.7 Reproductive System
		2.8 Tail
		References
	Chapter 3: Materials and Methods
		3.1 Collection and Preservation
		3.2 Extraction and Mounting
		3.3 Examination
		3.4 Description
		References
	Chapter 4: Systematics and Taxonomy
		4.1 Phylogenetic Outline of Free-Living Marine Nematode
		4.2 Species List from the East China Sea
		References
Part II: Species Description and Illustrate
	Chapter 5: Order Araeolaimida De Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933
		5.1 Family Axonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
			5.1.1 Genus Ascolaimus Ditlevsen, 1919
				5.1.1.1 Ascolaimus elongatus (Bütschli, 1874) (Fig. 5.1)
			5.1.2 Genus Axonolaimus de Man, 1889
				5.1.2.1 Axonolaimus seticaudatus Platonova, 1971 (Fig. 5.2)
			5.1.3 Genus Parodontophora Timm, 1963
				5.1.3.1 Parodontophora aequiramus Li and Guo, 2016 (Fig. 5.3)
				5.1.3.2 Parodontophora deltensis Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 5.4)
				5.1.3.3 Parodontophora huoshanensis Li and Guo, 2016 (Fig. 5.5)
				5.1.3.4 Parodontophora irregularis Li and Guo, 2016 (Fig. 5.6)
				5.1.3.5 Parodontophora longiamphidata Wang and Huang, 2016 (Fig. 5.7)
				5.1.3.6 Parodontophora marina Zhang, 1991 (Fig. 5.8)
				5.1.3.7 Parodontophora microseta Li and Guo, 2016 (Fig. 5.9)
				5.1.3.8 Parodontophora paramicroseta Li and Guo, 2016 (Fig. 5.10)
				5.1.3.9 Parodontophora wuleidaowanensis Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 5.11)
			5.1.4 Genus Pseudolella Cobb, 1920
				5.1.4.1 Pseudolella donghaiensis Wang and Huang, 2016 (Fig. 5.12)
		5.2 Family Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918
			5.2.1 Genus Paracomesoma Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950
				5.2.1.1 Paracomesoma heterosetosum Zhang, 1991 (Fig. 5.13)
				5.2.1.2 Paracomesoma xiamenense Zou, 2001 (Fig. 5.14)
				5.2.1.3 Paracomesoma zhangi Huang and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 5.15)
			5.2.2 Genus Dorylaimopsis Ditlevsen, 1918
				5.2.2.1 Dorylaimopsis heteroapophysis Huang, Sun and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 5.16)
				5.2.2.2 Dorylaimopsis rabalaisi Zhang, 1992 (Fig. 5.17)
				5.2.2.3 Dorylaimopsis turneri Zhang, 1992 (Fig. 5.18)
				5.2.2.4 Dorylaimopsis papilla Guo et al., 2018 (Fig. 5.19)
				5.2.2.5 Dorylaimopsis sp. (Fig. 5.20)
			5.2.3 Genus Hopperia Vitiello, 1969
				5.2.3.1 Hopperia hexadentata Hope and Zhang, 1995 (Fig. 5.21)
				5.2.3.2 Hopperia macramphida Sun and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 5.22)
				5.2.3.3 Hopperia sinensis Guo, Chang and Chen, 2015 (Fig. 5.23)
			5.2.4 Genus Metacomesoma Wieser, 1954
				5.2.4.1 Metacomesoma macramphida Huang and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 5.24)
			5.2.5 Genus Vasostoma Wieser, 1954
				5.2.5.1 Vasostoma brevispicula Huang and Wu, 2011 (Fig. 5.25)
				5.2.5.2 Vasostoma longispicula Huang and Wu, 2010 (Fig. 5.26)
				5.2.5.3 Vasostoma longicaudata Huang and Wu, 2011 (Fig. 5.27)
				5.2.5.4 Vasostoma spiratum Wieser, 1954 (Fig. 5.28)
			5.2.6 Genus Cervonema Wieser, 1954
				5.2.6.1 Cervonema donghaensis Hong, Tchesunov and Lee, 2016 (Fig. 5.29)
				5.2.6.2 Cervonema longispicula Huang, Sun and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 5.30)
				5.2.6.3 Cervonema tenuicauda Stekhoven, 1950 (Fig. 5.31)
			5.2.7 Genus Laimella Cobb, 1920
				5.2.7.1 Laimella annae Chen and Vincx, 2000 (Fig. 5.32)
				5.2.7.2 Laimella filipjevi Jensen, 1979 (Fig. 5.33)
				5.2.7.3 Laimella longicaudata Cobb, 1920 (Fig. 5.34)
			5.2.8 Genus Minolaimus Vitiello, 1970
				5.2.8.1 Minolaimus multisupplementatus Sun, Huang and Huang, 2021 (Fig. 5.35)
				5.2.8.2 Minolaimus apicalis Sun, Huang and Huang, 2021 (Fig. 5.36)
			5.2.9 Genus Sabatieria Rouville, 1903
				5.2.9.1 Sabatieria alata Warwick, 1973 (Fig. 5.37)
				5.2.9.2 Sabatieria celtica Southern, 1914 (Fig. 5.38)
				5.2.9.3 Sabatieria conicoseta Guo et al., 2018 (Fig. 5.39)
				5.2.9.4 Sabatieria minuta sp. nov. (Fig. 5.40)
				5.2.9.5 Sabatieria paradoxa Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Fig. 5.41)
				5.2.9.6 Sabatieria pisinna Vitiello, 1970 (Fig. 5.42)
				5.2.9.7 Sabatieria praedatrix De Man, 1907 (Fig. 5.43)
				5.2.9.8 Sabatieria pulchra Schneider, 1906 (Fig. 5.44)
				5.2.9.9 Sabatieria punctata Kreis, 1924 (Fig. 5.45)
				5.2.9.10 Sabatieria stenocephalus Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 5.46)
			5.2.10 Genus Setosabatieria Platt, 1985
				5.2.10.1 Setosabatieria coomansi Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 5.47)
				5.2.10.2 Setosabatieria longiapophysis Guo, Huang, Chen, Wang and Lin, 2015 (Fig. 5.48)
		5.3 Family Diplopeltidae Filipjev, 1918
			5.3.1 Genus Araeolaimus de Man, 1888
				5.3.1.1 Araeolaimus elegans de Man, 1888 (Fig. 5.49)
			5.3.2 Genus Campylaimus Cobb, 1920
				5.3.2.1 Campylaimus gerlachi Timm, 1961 (Fig. 5.50)
				5.3.2.2 Campylaimus orientalis Fadeeva, Mordukhovich and Zograf, 2016 (Fig. 5.51)
				5.3.2.3 Campylaimus minutus Fadeeva, Mordukhovich and Zograf, 2016 (Fig. 5.52)
			5.3.3 Genus Neodiplopeltula Holovachov and Boström, 2018
				5.3.3.1 Neodiplopeltula onusta (Wieser, 1956) Holovachov and Boström, 2018 (Fig. 5.53)
			5.3.4 Genus Pararaeolaimus Timm, 1961
				5.3.4.1 Pararaeolaimus tetradenus Leduc, 2017 (Fig. 5.54)
		References
	Chapter 6: Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933
		6.1 Family Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917
			6.1.1 Genus Chromadora Bastian, 1865
				6.1.1.1 Chromadora heterostomata Kito, 1978 (Fig. 6.1)
			6.1.2 Genus Chromadorella Filipjev, 1918
				6.1.2.1 Chromadorella duopapillata Bastian, 1865 (Fig. 6.2)
			6.1.3 Genus Chromadorina Filipjev, 1918
				6.1.3.1 Chromadorina germanica Wieser, 1954 (Fig. 6.3)
			6.1.4 Genus Prochromadora Filipjev, 1922
				6.1.4.1 Prochromadora orleji (de Man) Filipjev, 1922 (Fig. 6.4)
			6.1.5 Genus Prochromadorella Micoletzky, 1924
				6.1.5.1 Prochromadorella gracilis Huang and Wang, 2011 (Fig. 6.5)
			6.1.6 Genus Actinonema Cobb, 1920
				6.1.6.1 Actinonema falciforme Shi and Xu, 2018 (Fig. 6.6)
				6.1.6.2 Actinonema grafi Jensen, 1991 (Fig. 6.7)
				6.1.6.3 Actinonema pachydermatum Cobb, 1920 (Fig. 6.8)
			6.1.7 Genus Graphonema Cobb, 1898
				6.1.7.1 Graphonema amokurae (Ditlevsen, 1921) Inglis, 1969 (Fig. 6.9)
			6.1.8 Genus Rhips Cobb, 1920
				6.1.8.1 Rhips longicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 6.10)
			6.1.9 Genus Steineridora Inglis, 1969
				6.1.9.1 Steineridora adriatica (Daday, 1901) (Fig. 6.11)
			6.1.10 Genus Dichromadora Kreis, 1929
				6.1.10.1 Dichromadora affinis Gagarin and Thanh, 2011 (Fig. 6.12)
				6.1.10.2 Dichromadora amphidisoides Kito, 1981 (Fig. 6.13)
				6.1.10.3 Dichromadora multisetosa Huang and Zhang, 2010 (Fig. 6.14)
			6.1.11 Genus Hypodontolaimus de Man, 1886
				6.1.11.1 Hypodontolaimus ventrapophyses Huang and Gao, 2016 (Fig. 6.15)
			6.1.12 Genus Neochromadora Micoletzky, 1924
				6.1.12.1 Neochromadora bilineata Kito, 1978 (Fig. 6.16)
			6.1.13 Genus Ptycholaimellus Cobb, 1920
				6.1.13.1 Ptycholaimellus iuncturam Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 6.17)
				6.1.13.2 Ptycholaimellus longibulbus Wang, An and Huang, 2015 (Fig. 6.18)
				6.1.13.3 Ptycholaimellus ocellatus Huang and Wang, 2011 (Fig. 6.19)
				6.1.13.4 Ptycholaimellus pirus Huang and Gao, 2016 (Fig. 6.20)
			6.1.14 Genus Spilophorella Filipjev, 1917
				6.1.14.1 Spilophorella campbelli Allgén, 1928 (Fig. 6.21)
				6.1.14.2 Spilophorella euxina Filipjev, 1918 (Fig. 6.22)
		6.2 Family Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918
			6.2.1 Genus Longicyatholaimus Micoletzky, 1924
				6.2.1.1 Longicyatholaimus cervoides Vitiello, 1970 (Fig. 6.23)
				6.2.1.2 Longicyatholaimus longacauda Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 6.24)
			6.2.2 Genus Marylynnia (Hopper, 1972) Hopper, 1977
				6.2.2.1 Marylynnia complexa Warwick, 1971 (Fig. 6.25)
				6.2.2.2 Marylynnia gracila Huang and Xu, 2013 (Fig. 6.26)
			6.2.3 Genus Paramarylynnia Huang and Zhang, 2007
				6.2.3.1 Paramarylynnia filicaudata Huang and Sun, 2011 (Fig. 6.27)
				6.2.3.2 Paramarylynnia stenocervica Huang and Sun, 2011 (Fig. 6.28)
				6.2.3.3 Paramarylynnia subventrosetata Huang and Zhang, 2007 (Fig. 6.29)
			6.2.4 Genus Acanthonchus Cobb, 1920
				6.2.4.1 Acanthonchus setoi Wieser, 1955 (Fig. 6.30)
				6.2.4.2 Acanthonchus tridentatus Kito, 1976 (Fig. 6.31)
			6.2.5 Genus Paracanthonchus Micoletzky, 1924
				6.2.5.1 Paracanthonchus heterocaudatus Huang and Xu, 2013 (Fig. 6.32)
				6.2.5.2 Paracanthonchus kamui Kito, 1981 (Fig. 6.33)
			6.2.6 Genus Paracyatholaimus Micoletzky, 1922
				6.2.6.1 Paracyatholaimus huanghaiensis Huang and Xu, 2013 (Fig. 6.34)
				6.2.6.2 Paracyatholaimus qingdaoensis Huang and Xu, 2013 (Fig. 6.35)
			6.2.7 Genus Pomponema Cobb, 1917
				6.2.7.1 Pomponema multisupplementa Huang and Zhang, 2014 (Fig. 6.36)
				6.2.7.2 Pomponema proximamphidum Tchesunov, 2008 (Fig. 6.37)
		6.3 Family Neotonchidae Wieser and Hopper, 1966
			6.3.1 Genus Comesa Gerlach, 1956
				6.3.1.1 Comesa platti Gourbault and Vincx, 1992 (Fig. 6.38)
			6.3.2 Genus Neotonchus Cobb, 1933
				6.3.2.1 Neotonchus meeki Warwick, 1971 (Fig. 6.39)
		6.4 Family Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915
			6.4.1 Genus Cheironchus Cobb, 1917
				6.4.1.1 Cheironchus haurakiensis Leduc and Zhao, 2016 (Fig. 6.40)
				6.4.1.2 Cheironchus paravorax Castillo-Fernandez, 1993 (Fig. 6.41)
			6.4.2 Genus Cobbionema Filipjev, 1922
				6.4.2.1 Cobbionema obesus sp. nov. (Fig. 6.42)
				6.4.2.2 Cobbionema tenuis sp. nov. (Fig. 6.43)
			6.4.3 Genus Gammanema Cobb, 1920
				6.4.3.1 Gammanema magnum Shi and Xu, 2017 (Fig. 6.44)
			6.4.4 Genus Halichoanolaimus de Man, 1886
				6.4.4.1 Halichoanolaimus chordiurus Gerlach, 1955 (Fig. 6.45)
				6.4.4.2 Halichoanolaimus sp. (Fig. 6.46)
			6.4.5 Genus Richtersia Steiner, 1916
				6.4.5.1 Richtersia inaequalis Riemann, 1966 (Fig. 6.47)
			6.4.6 Genus Synonchiella Cobb, 1933
				6.4.6.1 Synonchiella japonica Fadeeva, 1988 (Fig.6.48)
				6.4.6.2 Synonchiella micramphis (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950) (Fig. 6.49)
				6.4.6.3 Synonchiella minuta Vitiello, 1970 (Fig. 6.50)
			6.4.7 Genus Synonchium Cobb, 1920
				6.4.7.1 Synonchium caudatubatum Shi and Xu, 2017 (Fig. 6.51)
		References
	Chapter 7: Order Desmodorida De Coninck, 1965
		7.1 Family Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922
			7.1.1 Genus Desmodora de Man, 1889
				7.1.1.1 Desmodora pontica Filipjev, 1922 (Fig. 7.1)
				7.1.1.2 Desmodora scaldensis de Man, 1889 (Fig. 7.2)
			7.1.2 Genus Desmodorella Cobb, 1933
				7.1.2.1 Desmodorella spineacaudata Verschelde, Gourbault and Vincx, 1998 (Fig. 7.3)
			7.1.3 Genus Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899
				7.1.3.1 Pseudochromadora rossica Mordukhovich, Fadeeva, Semenchenko and Zograf, 2015 (Fig. 7.4)
			7.1.4 Genus Chromaspirina Filipjev, 1918
				7.1.4.1 Chromaspirina sp. (Fig. 7.5)
			7.1.5 Genus Metachromadora Filipjev, 1918
				7.1.5.1 Metachromadora itoi Kito, 1978 (Fig. 7.6)
			7.1.6 Genus Onyx Cobb, 1891
				7.1.6.1 Onyx minor Huang and Wang, 2015 (Fig. 7.7)
				7.1.6.2 Onyx rizhaoensis Huang and Wang, 2015 (Fig. 7.8)
			7.1.7 Genus Perspiria Wieser and Hopper, 1967
				7.1.7.1 Perspiria boucheri Sun, Zhai and Huang, 2019 (Fig. 7.9)
		7.2 Family Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
			7.2.1 Genus Aponema Jensen, 1978
				7.2.1.1 Aponema curvispinosa sp. nov. (Fig. 7.10)
				7.2.1.2 Aponema torosa (Lorenzen) Jensen, 1978 (Fig. 7.11)
			7.2.2 Genus Microlaimus de Man, 1880
				7.2.2.1 Microlaimus donghaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 7.12)
				7.2.2.2 Microlaimus marinus (Schulz, 1932) (Fig. 7.13)
			7.2.3 Genus Spirobolbolaimus Soetaert and Vincx, 1988
				7.2.3.1 Spirobolbolaimus bathyalis Soetaert and Vincx, 1988 (Fig. 7.14)
				7.2.3.2 Spirobolbolaimus undulatus Shi and Xu, 2017 (Fig. 7.15)
		7.3 Family Monoposthiidae Filipjev, 1934
			7.3.1 Genus Monoposthia de Man, 1889
				7.3.1.1 Monoposthia costata (Bastian, 1865) de Man, 1889 (Fig. 7.16)
			7.3.2 Genus Nudora Cobb, 1920
				7.3.2.1 Nudora gourbaultae Vanreusel and Vincx, 1989 (Fig. 7.17)
			7.3.3 Genus Rhinema Cobb, 1920
				7.3.3.1 Rhinema longispicula Zhai, Huang and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 7.18)
		References
	Chapter 8: Order Desmoscolecida Filipjev, 1929
		8.1 Subfamily Desmoscolecinae
			8.1.1 Genus Desmoscolex Claparède, 1863
				8.1.1.1 Desmoscolex americanus Chitwood, 1936 (Fig. 8.1)
				8.1.1.2 Desmoscolex falcatus Lorenzen, 1972 (Fig. 8.2)
		8.2 Subfamily Tricominae Lorenzen, 1969
			8.2.1 Genus Quadricoma Filipjev, 1922
				8.2.1.1 Quadricoma scanica Filipjev, 1922 (Fig. 8.3)
			8.2.2 Genus Tricoma Cobb, 1893
				8.2.2.1 Tricoma brevirostris Cobb, 1894 (Fig. 8.4)
		References
	Chapter 9: Order Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929
		9.1 Family Linhomoeidae Filipjev, 1922
			9.1.1 Genus Anticyathus Cobb, 1920
				9.1.1.1 Anticyathus parvous Liu and Guo (Fig. 9.1)
			9.1.2 Genus Desmolaimus de Man, 1880
				9.1.2.1 Desmolaimus bulbosus Allgén, 1959 (Fig. 9.2)
			9.1.3 Genus Metalinhomoeus de Man, 1907
				9.1.3.1 Metalinhomoeus cylindricauda Stekhoven, 1950 (Fig. 9.3)
			9.1.4 Genus Terschellingia de Man, 1888
				9.1.4.1 Terschellingia communis de Man, 1888 (Fig. 9.4)
				9.1.4.2 Terschellingia filicaudata Wang, An and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 9.5)
				9.1.4.3 Terschellingia longicaudata De Man, 1907 (Fig. 9.6)
				9.1.4.4 Terschellingia major Huang and Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 9.7)
				9.1.4.5 Terschellingia paralongicaudata Liu and Guo (Fig. 9.8)
				9.1.4.6 Terschellingia stenocephala Wang, An and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 9.9)
			9.1.5 Genus Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922
				9.1.5.1 Eleutherolaimus chesapeakiensis (Timm, 1952) Tchesunov and Miljutin, 2006 (Fig. 9.10)
			9.1.6 Genus Disconema Filipjev, 1918
				9.1.6.1 Disconema zhangi Sun and Huang, 2019 (Fig. 9.11)
		9.2 Family Siphonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
			9.2.1 Genus Siphonolaimus de Man, 1893
				9.2.1.1 Siphonolaimus boucheri Zhang and Zhang, 2010 (Fig. 9.12)
				9.2.1.2 Siphonolaimus profundus Warwick, 1973 (Fig. 9.13)
		9.3 Family Monhysteridae de Man, 1876
			9.3.1 Genus Thalassomonhystera Jacobs, 1987
				9.3.1.1 Thalassomonhystera contortspicula Huang and Zhang, 2019 (Fig. 9.14)
		9.4 Family Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
			9.4.1 Genus Metasphaerolaimus Gourbault and Boucher, 1981
				9.4.1.1 Metasphaerolaimus sp. (Fig. 9.15)
			9.4.2 Genus Parasphaerolaimus Ditlevsen, 1918
				9.4.2.1 Parasphaerolaimus dispar (Filipjev, 1918) (Fig. 9.16)
				9.4.2.2 Parasphaerolaimus ferrum Liu and Guo (Fig. 9.17)
				9.4.2.3 Parasphaerolaimus paradoxus Ditlevsen, 1918 (Fig. 9.18)
			9.4.3 Genus Sphaerolaimus Bastian, 1865
				9.4.3.1 Sphaerolaimus balticus Schneider, 1906 (Fig. 9.19)
				9.4.3.2 Sphaerolaimus gracilis de Man, 1884 (Fig. 9.20)
				9.4.3.3 Sphaerolaimus longispiculatus Yang, Liu and Guo, 2020 (Fig. 9.21)
				9.4.3.4 Sphaerolaimus macrocirculus Filipjev, 1918 (Fig. 9.22)
				9.4.3.5 Sphaerolaimus pacificus Allgén, 1947 (Fig. 9.23)
				9.4.3.6 Sphaerolaimus penicillus Gerlach, 1956 (Fig. 9.24)
			9.4.4 Genus Subsphaerolaimus Lorenzen, 1978
				9.4.4.1 Subsphaerolaimus major Nguyen Vu Thanh and Gagarin, 2009 (Fig. 9.25)
		9.5 Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951
			9.5.1 Genus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929
				9.5.1.1 Amphimonhystera circula Guo and Zhang, 2001 (Fig. 9.26)
				9.5.1.2 Amphimonhystera mamalhi Tchesunov and Mokievsky, 2005 (Fig. 9.27)
				9.5.1.3 Amphimonhystera pallida Tchesunov and Mokievsky, 2005 (Fig. 9.28)
			9.5.2 Genus Amphimonhystrella Timm, 1961
				9.5.2.1 Amphimonhystrella bullacauda Tchesunov and Miljutina, 2005 (Fig. 9.29)
			9.5.3 Genus Cobbia de Man, 1907
				9.5.3.1 Cobbia bengalensis Datta et al., 2018 (Fig. 9.30)
				9.5.3.2 Cobbia heterospicula Wangle, An and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 9.31)
				9.5.3.3 Cobbia sinica Huang and Zhang, 2009 (Fig. 9.32)
				9.5.3.4 Cobbia urinator Wieser, 1959 (Fig. 9.33)
			9.5.4 Genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920
				9.5.4.1 Daptonema alternum Wieser, 1956 (Fig. 9.34)
				9.5.4.2 Daptonema articularus (Huang and Zhang, 2006) (Fig. 9.35)
				9.5.4.3 Daptonema curvispicula Tchesunov, 2006 (Fig. 9.36)
				9.5.4.4 Daptonema donghaiensis Wangle, An and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 9.37)
				9.5.4.5 Daptonema filiformicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 9.38)
				9.5.4.6 Daptonema longissimecaudatum (Kreis, 1935) (Fig. 9.39)
				9.5.4.7 Daptonema longiapophysis Huang and Zhang, 2010 (Fig. 9.40)
				9.5.4.8 Daptonema normandicum de Man, 1890 (Fig. 9.41)
				9.5.4.9 Daptonema quattuor Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 9.42)
				9.5.4.10 Daptonema setihyalocella Aryuthaka and Kito, 2012 (Fig. 9.43)
				9.5.4.11 Daptonema ungula Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 9.44)
			9.5.5 Genus Elzalia Gerlach, 1957
				9.5.5.1 Elzalia bifurcata Sun and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 9.45)
				9.5.5.2 Elzalia gerlachi Zhang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 9.46)
				9.5.5.3 Elzalia striatitenuis Zhang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 9.47)
			9.5.6 Genus Linhystera Juario, 1974
				9.5.6.1 Linhystera breviapophysis Yu, Huang and Xu, 2014 (Fig. 9.48)
				9.5.6.2 Linhystera longiapophysis Yu, Huang and Xu, 2014 (Fig. 9.49)
			9.5.7 Genus Metadesmolaimus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935
				9.5.7.1 Metadesmolaimus zhanggi Guo, Chen and Liu, 2016 (Fig. 9.50)
			9.5.8 Genus Paragnomoxyala Jiang and Huang, 2015
				9.5.8.1 Paragnomoxyala breviseta Jiang and Huang, 2015 (Fig. 9.51)
				9.5.8.2 Paragnomoxyala macrostoma (Huang and Xu, 2013) Sun and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 9.52)
			9.5.9 Genus Paramonohystera Steiner, 1916
				9.5.9.1 Paramonohystera eurycephalus Huang and Wu, 2010 (Fig. 9.53)
				9.5.9.2 Paramonohystera sinica Yu and Xu, 2014 (Fig. 9.54)
			9.5.10 Genus Paramphimonhystrella Huang and Zhang, 2006
				9.5.10.1 Paramphimonhystrella elegans Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 9.55)
				9.5.10.2 Paramphimonhystrella eurystoma Shi, Yu and Xu, 2017 (Fig. 9.56)
				9.5.10.3 Paramphimonhystrella sinica Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 9.57)
			9.5.11 Genus Pseudelzalia Yu and Xu, 2015
				9.5.11.1 Pseudelzalia longiseta Yu and Xu, 2015 (Fig. 9.58)
			9.5.12 Genus Pseudosteineria Wieser, 1956
				9.5.12.1 Pseudosteineria sinica Huang and Li, 2010 (Fig. 9.59)
				9.5.12.2 Pseudosteineria zhangi Huang and Li, 2010 (Fig. 9.60)
			9.5.13 Genus Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920
				9.5.13.1 Rhynchonema xiamenensis Huang and Liu, 2002 (Fig. 9.61)
			9.5.14 Genus Scaptrella Cobb, 1917
				9.5.14.1 Scaptrella cincta Cobb, 1917 (Fig. 9.62)
			9.5.15 Genus Steineria Micoletzky, 1922
				9.5.15.1 Steineria sinica Huang and Wu, 2011 (Fig. 9.63)
			9.5.16 Genus Theristus Bastian, 1865
				9.5.16.1 Theristus acer Bastian, 1865 (Fig. 9.64)
				9.5.16.2 Theristus flevensis Stekhoven, 1935 (Fig. 9.65)
				9.5.16.3 Theristus heterospiculus sp. nov. (Fig. 9.66)
				9.5.16.4 Theristus sinicus sp. nov. (Fig. 9.67)
		References
	Chapter 10: Order Plectida Gadea, 1973
		10.1 Family Ceramonematidae Cobb, 1933
			10.1.1 Genus Ceramonema Cobb, 1920
				10.1.1.1 Ceramonema carinatum Wieser, 1959 (Fig. 10.1)
			10.1.2 Genus Pselionema Cobb, 1933
				10.1.2.1 Pselionema dissimile Vitiello, 1974 (Fig. 10.2)
		10.2 Family Diplopeltoididae Tchesunov, 1990
			10.2.1 Genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962
				10.2.1.1 Diplopeltoides bulbosus (Vitiello, 1972) Holovachov and Boström, 2017 (Fig. 10.3)
				10.2.1.2 Diplopeltoides conoicaudatus Sun, Huang and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 10.4)
				10.2.1.3 Diplopeltoides longifoveatus Sun, Huang and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 10.5)
				10.2.1.4 Diplopeltoides nudus (Gerlach, 1956) Tchesunov, 2006 (Fig. 10.6)
		10.3 Family Camacolaimidae Micoletzky, 1924
			10.3.1 Genus Deontolaimus de Man, 1880
				10.3.1.1 Deontolaimus longicauda (de Man, 1922) Holovachov and Boström, 2015 (Fig. 10.7)
				10.3.1.2 Deontolaimus tardus (de Man, 1889) Holovachov and Boström, 2015 (Fig. 10.8)
		10.4 Family Leptolaimidae Örley, 1880
			10.4.1 Genus Antomicron Cobb, 1920
				10.4.1.1 Antomicron elegans de Man, 1922 (Fig. 10.9)
				10.4.1.2 Antomicron holovachovi Zhai, Wang and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 10.10)
			10.4.2 Genus Leptolaimoides Vitiello, 1971
				10.4.2.1 Leptolaimoides punctatus Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 10.11)
				10.4.2.2 Leptolaimoides tubulosus Vitiello, 1971 (Fig. 10.12)
			10.4.3 Genus Leptolaimus de Man, 1876
				10.4.3.1 Leptolaimus octavus Holovachov and Boström, 2013 (Fig. 10.13)
				10.4.3.2 Leptolaimus secundus Holovachov and Boström, 2013 (Fig. 10.14)
				10.4.3.3 Leptolaimus sp. (Fig. 10.15)
		10.5 Family Paramicrolaimidae Lorenzen, 1981
			10.5.1 Genus Paramicrolaimus Wieser, 1954
				10.5.1.1 Paramicrolaimus mirus Tchesunov, 1988 (Fig. 10.16)
		References
	Chapter 11: Order Enoplida Filipjev, 1929
		11.1 Family Anoplostomatidae Gerlach and Riemann, 1974
			11.1.1 Genus Anoplostoma Bütschli, 1874
				11.1.1.1 Anoplostoma viviparum Bastian, 1865 (Fig. 11.1)
		11.2 Family Anticomidae Filipjev, 1918
			11.2.1 Genus Anticoma Bastian, 1865
				11.2.1.1 Anticoma acuminata (Eberth, 1863) Bastian, 1865 (Fig. 11.2)
				11.2.1.2 Anticoma sp. (Fig. 11.3)
			11.2.2 Genus Cephalanticoma Platonova, 1976
				11.2.2.1 Cephalanticoma brevicaudata Huang, 2012 (Fig. 11.4)
				11.2.2.2 Cephalanticoma filicaudata Huang and Zhang, 2007 (Fig. 11.5)
			11.2.3 Genus Paranticoma Micoletzky, 1930
				11.2.3.1 Paranticoma tricerviseta Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 11.6)
		11.3 Family Phanodermatidae Filipjev, 1927
			11.3.1 Genus Micoletzkyia Ditlevsen, 1926
				11.3.1.1 Micoletzkyia filicaudata Huang and Cheng, 2011 (Fig. 11.7)
				11.3.1.2 Micoletzkyia nanhaiensis Huang and Cheng, 2011 (Fig. 11.8)
			11.3.2 Genus Phanoderma Bastian, 1865
				11.3.2.1 Phanoderma segmentum Murphy, 1963 (Fig. 11.9)
		11.4 Family Thoracostomopsidae Filipjev, 1927
			11.4.1 Genus Enoplolaimus de Man, 1893
				11.4.1.1 Enoplolaimus medius Pavljuk, 1984 (Fig. 11.10)
			11.4.2 Genus Epacanthion Wieser, 1953
				11.4.2.1 Epacanthion fasciculatum Shi and Xu, 2016 (Fig. 11.11)
				11.4.2.2 Epacanthion hirsutum Shi and Xu, 2016 (Fig. 11.12)
				11.4.2.3 Epacanthion longicaudatum Shi and Xu, 2016 (Fig. 11.13)
				11.4.2.4 Epacanthion sparsisetae Shi and Xu, 2016 (Fig. 11.14)
			11.4.3 Genus Paramesacanthion Wieser, 1953
				11.4.3.1 Paramesacanthion donghaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 11.15)
				11.4.3.2 Paramesacanthion paratricuspis Huang and Zhang, 2020 (Fig. 11.16)
			11.4.4 Genus Thoracostomopsis Ditlevsen, 1918
				11.4.4.1 Thoracostomopsis sp. (Fig. 11.17)
		11.5 Family Ironidae de Man, 1876
			11.5.1 Genus Conilia Gerlach, 1956
				11.5.1.1 Conilia sinensis Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.18)
			11.5.2 Genus Ironella Cobb, 1920
				11.5.2.1 Ironella multisupplementa sp. nov. (Fig. 11.19)
			11.5.3 Genus Pheronous Inglis, 1966
				11.5.3.1 Pheronous donghaiensis Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.20)
			11.5.4 Genus Syringolaimus de Man, 1888
				11.5.4.1 Syringolaimus striatocaudatus de Man, 1888 (Fig. 11.21)
			11.5.5 Genus Thalassironus de Man, 1889
				11.5.5.1 Thalassironus filiformis Huang, Huang and Xu, 2019 (Fig. 11.22)
			11.5.6 Genus Trissonchulus Cobb, 1920
				11.5.6.1 Trissonchulus benepapillosus (Schulz, 1935) Gerlach and Riemann, 1974 (Fig. 11.23)
				11.5.6.2 Trissonchulus latispiculum Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.24)
				11.5.6.3 Trissonchulus oceanus Cobb 1920 (Fig. 11.25)
		11.6 Family Oxystominidae Chitwood, 1935
			11.6.1 Genus Halalaimus de Man, 1888
				11.6.1.1 Halalaimus gracilis de Man, 1888 (Fig. 11.26)
				11.6.1.2 Halalaimus isaitshikovi Filipjev, 1927 (Fig. 11.27a, b)
				11.6.1.3 Halalaimus longicaudatus (Filipjev, 1927) (Fig. 11.27c, d)
				11.6.1.4 Halalaimus longamphidus Huang and Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 11.28)
				11.6.1.5 Halalaimus lutarus Vitiello, 1970 (Fig. 11.29a, b)
				11.6.1.6 Halalaimus wodjanizkii Sergeeva, 1972 (Fig. 11.29c, d)
			11.6.2 Genus Litinium Cobb, 1920
				11.6.2.1 Litinium conoicaudatum Huang and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 11.30)
			11.6.3 Genus Nemanema Cobb, 1920
				11.6.3.1 Nemanema cylindraticaudatum de Man, 1922 (Fig. 11.31)
				11.6.3.2 Nemanema minutum Sun and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 11.32)
			11.6.4 Genus Oxystomina Filipjev, 1918
				11.6.4.1 Oxystomina elegans Platonova, 1971 (Fig. 11.33)
				11.6.4.2 Oxystomina elongata Bütschli, 1874 (Fig. 11.34)
				11.6.4.3 Oxystomina longicaudata sp. nov. (Fig. 11.35)
				11.6.4.4 Oxystomina macramphida Zhang, Huang and Zhou (Fig. 11.36)
			11.6.5 Genus Thalassoalaimus de Man, 1893
				11.6.5.1 Thalassoalaimus crassicaudatus Huang and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 11.37)
				11.6.5.2 Thalassoalaimus longicaudatus Vitiello, 1970 (Fig. 11.38)
				11.6.5.3 Thalassoalaimus nestori Martelli, 2017 (Fig. 11.39)
			11.6.6 Genus Wieseria Gerlach, 1956
				11.6.6.1 Wieseria bicepes Jia and Huang, 2019 (Fig. 11.40)
				11.6.6.2 Wieseria sinica Huang, Sun and Huang, 2018 (Fig. 11.41)
		11.7 Family Enchelidiidae Filipjev, 1918
			11.7.1 Genus Abelbolla Huang and Zhang, 2004
				11.7.1.1 Abelbolla boucheri Huang and Zhang, 2004 (Fig. 11.42)
				11.7.1.2 Abelbolla huanghaiensis Huang and Zhang, 2004 (Fig. 11.43)
				11.7.1.3 Abelbolla major Jiang, Wang and Huang, 2015 (Fig. 11.44)
				11.7.1.4 Abelbolla warwicki Huang and Zhang, 2004 (Fig. 11.45)
			11.7.2 Genus Belbolla Andrssy, 1973
				11.7.2.1 Belbolla huanghaiensis Huang and Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 11.46)
				11.7.2.2 Belbolla stenocephalum Huang and Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 11.47)
				11.7.2.3 Belbolla warwicki Huang and Zhang, 2005 (Fig. 11.48)
				11.7.2.4 Belbolla vietnamica Gagarin and Nguyen Dinh Tu, 2016 (Fig. 11.49)
			11.7.3 Genus Eurystomina Filipjev, 1921
				11.7.3.1 Eurystomina ophthalmophora Filipjev, 1921 (Fig. 11.50)
			11.7.4 Genus Polygastrophoides Sun and Huang, 2016
				11.7.4.1 Polygastrophoides elegans Sun and Huang, 2016 (Fig. 11.51)
			11.7.5 Genus Polygastrophora de Man, 1922
				11.7.5.1 Polygastrophora novenbulba Jiang, Wang and Huang, 2015 (Fig. 11.52)
		11.8 Family Oncholaimidae Filipjev, 1916
			11.8.1 Genus Admirandus Belogurov and Belogurova, 1979
				11.8.1.1 Admirandus multicavus Belogurov and Belogurova, 1979 (Fig. 11.53)
			11.8.2 Genus Adoncholaimus Filipjev, 1918
				11.8.2.1 Adoncholaimus paracrassicaudus Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 11.54)
			11.8.3 Genus Meyersia Hopper, 1967
				11.8.3.1 Meyersia sp. (Fig. 11.55)
			11.8.4 Genus Metoncholaimus Filipjev, 1918
				11.8.4.1 Metoncholaimus moles Zhang and Platt, 1983 (Fig. 11.56)
			11.8.5 Genus Paroctonchus Shi and Xu, 2016
				11.8.5.1 Paroctonchus nanjiensis Shi and Xu, 2016 (Fig. 11.57)
			11.8.6 Genus Viscosia de Man, 1890
				11.8.6.1 Viscosia elegans (Kreis, 1924) (Fig. 11.58)
				11.8.6.2 Viscosia nuda Kreis, 1934 (Fig. 11.59)
				11.8.6.3 Viscosia scarificaio Liu and Guo, 2018 (Fig. 11.60)
			11.8.7 Genus Oncholaimus Dujardin, 1845
				11.8.7.1 Oncholaimus multisetosus Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Fig. 11.61)
				11.8.7.2 Oncholaimus minor Chen and Guo 2015 (Fig. 11.62)
				11.8.7.3 Oncholaimus qingdaoensis Zhang and Platt, 1983 (Fig. 11.63)
				11.8.7.4 Oncholaimus sinensis Zhang and Platt, 1983 (Fig. 11.64)
				11.8.7.5 Oncholaimus xiamenense Chen and Guo, 2014 (Fig. 11.65)
				11.8.7.6 Oncholaimus zhangi Gao and Huang, 2017 (Fig. 11.66)
			11.8.8 Genus Curvolaimus Wieser, 1953
				11.8.8.1 Curvolaimus filiformis Zhang and Huang, 2005 (Fig. 11.67)
			11.8.9 Genus Filoncholaimus Filipjev, 1927
				11.8.9.1 Filoncholaimus prolatus Hopper, 1967 (Fig. 11.68)
		11.9 Family Lauratonematidae Gerlach, 1953
			11.9.1 Genus Lauratonema Gerlach, 1953
				11.9.1.1 Lauratonema dongshanense Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.69)
				11.9.1.2 Lauratonema macrostoma Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.70)
		11.10 Family Trefusiidae Gerlach, 1966
			11.10.1 Genus Africanema Vincx and Furstenberg, 1988
				11.10.1.1 Africanema multipapillatum Shi and Xu, 2017 (Fig. 11.71)
			11.10.2 Genus Rhabdocoma Cobb, 1920
				11.10.2.1 Rhabdocoma longicaudata Zhai, Sun and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 11.72)
				11.10.2.2 Rhabdocoma quadrisegmentata Zhai, Sun and Huang, 2020 (Fig. 11.73)
			11.10.3 Genus Trefusia de Man, 1893
				11.10.3.1 Trefusia longicaudata de Man, 1893 (Fig. 11.74)
				11.10.3.2 Trefusia donghaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 11.75)
		11.11 Family Tripyloididae Filipjev, 1918
			11.11.1 Genus Bathylaimus Cobb, 1894
				11.11.1.1 Bathylaimus anatolii Smirnova and Fadeeva, 2011 (Fig. 11.76)
				11.11.1.2 Bathylaimus australis Cobb, 1894 (Fig. 11.77)
				11.11.1.3 Bathylaimus denticulatus Chen and Guo, 2015 (Fig. 11.78)
				11.11.1.4 Bathylaimus huanghaiensis Huang and Zhang, 2009 (Fig. 11.79)
		11.12 Family Rhabdodemaniidae Filipjev, 1934
			11.12.1 Genus Rhabdodemania Baylis and Daubney, 1926
				11.12.1.1 Rhabdodemania minor Southern, 1914 (Fig. 11.80)
		References
Index