Foundations of the Mind, Brain, and Behavioral Relationships: Understanding Physiological Psychology

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Front-Matter_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationshi
	Foundations of THE Mind, Brain, and BehaviorAL Relationships
Copyright_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationships
	Copyright
Dedication_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationships
	Dedication
About-the-author_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relatio
	About the authors
Preface_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationships
	Preface
Acknowledgment_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relations
	Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Introduc_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Rel
	1. Introduction
		Overview
		The human brain
		Mind-body considerations
			Dualism
			Monism
			Reductionism
		Concepts of consciousness
		Eugenics and related implications
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-2---Genetics-and-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behaviora
	2. Genetics and behavior
		Overview
		Deoxyribonucleic acid
		The study of genetics
			Molecular genetics
			Selective breeding
			Association method
			Behavior genetics
		Chromosomes
		Chromosomal abnormalities
			Down syndrome
			Klinefelter syndrome
			Triple-X syndrome
			Turner syndrome
		Genes
		Genetic abnormalities
			Sickle cell disease
			Cystic fibrosis
			Albinism
			Neurofibromatosis
			Duchenne muscular dystrophy
			Tay-Sachs disease
			Fragile X syndrome
			Huntington\'s disease
			Fabry disease
		Key terms
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-3---Neural-ti_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Re
	3. Neural tissue
		Overview
		Cells of the nervous system
			Neuroglia
			Neuroglia of the central nervous system
				Microglia
				Astrocytes
				Oligodendrocytes and myelination
				Ependymal cells
			Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system
				Schwann cells
				Satellite cells
			Neurons
				Cell body
				Neuron processes
			The classification of neurons
				Structural classification
				Functional classification
					Sensory neurons
					Motor neurons
					Interneurons
		Cell membrane potential
			Resting membrane potential
				The sodium–potassium exchange pump
			Graded potentials
				Passive processes: the electrochemical gradient
			Membrane channels
				Passive ion channels
				Active ion channels
			Action potentials
			Threshold and the all-or-none principle
			Generation of action potentials
				The refractory period
				Functions of the sodium–potassium exchange pump
			Action potential propagation
				Types of propagation
					Continuous propagation
					Saltatory propagation
			Axon diameter and propagation speed
		Synapses
			Types of synapses
				Electrical synapses
				Chemical synapses
			Function of chemical synapses
				Synaptic delay
				Synaptic fatigue
		Neuronal integration of excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
			Postsynaptic potentials
				Integrating postsynaptic potentials: summation
					Spatial summation
					Temporal summation
				Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
			Presynaptic regulation: inhibition and facilitation
			The rate of action potential generation
		Degeneration and regeneration of nerve cells
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-4---Neurotransmitters-and-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-
	4. Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission
		Overview
		Classifications of neurotransmitters
			Acetylcholine
			Dopamine
			Glutamine
			Gamma-aminobutyric acid
			Norepinephrine and epinephrine
			Serotonin
		Functional considerations
			Synthesis of neurotransmitters
			Presynaptic release of neurotransmitters
			Neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic receptors
		Clinical considerations
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-5---Characteristics-of-t_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Be
	5. Characteristics of the nervous system
		Overview
		Divisions of the nervous system
		Brain divisions
			Cerebral cortex
			White matter of the cerebrum
		Basal nuclei
		Diencephalon
			Thalamus
			Hypothalamus
		Brainstem
			Midbrain
			Pons
			Medulla oblongata
		Cerebellum
		The limbic system
		The reticular formation
		The interconnected structures of the brain and mental functions
			Memory
			Language
			Consciousness
			Brain wave patterns and the EEG
			Sleep and sleep-wake cycles
		Spinal cord
			Spinal nerves
			Cross-sectional anatomy
			Gray matter
			White matter
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-6---Autonomic-nervo_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavio
	6. Autonomic nervous system
		Overview
		Somatic nervous system versus autonomic nervous system
		Autonomic outflow system
		Sympathetic division
			Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
			Adrenal medulla
			Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
		Parasympathetic division
		Efferent pathways and ganglia
		Autonomic plexuses
		Autonomic innervation of the head
		Visceral afferent pathways
			Pathways to the brainstem
			Pathways to the spinal cord
		Visceral neurons and reflexes
		Cholinergic receptors
		Adrenergic receptors
		Hierarchy of the autonomic nervous system
		Functional considerations
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-7---Sensation-and-p_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavio
	7. Sensation and perception
		Overview
		Sensation
		Bottom-up and top-down processing
		Sensory receptors of the brain
		Thresholds
			Absolute threshold
			Difference threshold
			Differential threshold
			Recognition threshold
			Terminal threshold
			Perception without awareness
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-8---The-visual-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-
	8. The visual system
		Overview
		Accessory structures of the eye
			Conjunctiva
			Extrinsic eye muscles
		Structures of the eye
			Chambers of the eye
			Lens
			Focusing light on the retina
			Information processing on the retina
		Photoreceptors
			Comparing rod and cone vision
			Visual pigments
			Phototransduction
		Functional structure of photoreceptors
			Light and optics
			Light and dark adaptation
		Visual pathway to the brain
			Depth perception
			Visual processing
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-9---The-auditory_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral
	9. The auditory system
		Overview
		Structures of the ear
			External ear
			Middle ear
			Inner ear
				Organ of corti
				Tectorial membrane
				Endolymphatic duct and sac
				Cochlear nerve
				Basilar membrane
				Bony labyrinth microstructure
				Internal acoustic meatus
				Vascular supply
				Vestibular nerve
				Vestibular ganglion
				Intratemporal vestibular nerve
		Properties of sound
			Frequency
			Amplitude
			Sound transduction
		The hearing process
			The pathway of sound waves
			The neural pathway of hearing
		Hearing tests
		Equilibrium
			Static equilibrium
			Dynamic equilibrium
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-10---The-senses-of-smell_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Be
	10. The senses of smell, taste, and touch
		Overview
		The sense of smell
			Olfactory receptors
			Olfactory pathway
			Functions of the olfactory system
		The sense of taste
			Basic taste sensations
			Physiology of gustation
			The gustatory pathway
		The sense of touch
			Perception of pain
				Pathophysiology of pain
				Classifications of pain
				Pain measurement
			Pain tolerance
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-11---Regulation-of_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavior
	11. Regulation of movement
		Overview
		Muscle types
		Skeletal muscles
			Structure of skeletal muscle fibers
			Motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions
			Energy sources for contraction
			Isotonic and isometric contractions
			Muscle fatigue
			Superficial skeletal muscles
		Involvement of the central nervous system
		Motor skills
		Types of body movements
			Flexion and extension
			Abduction and adduction
			Circumduction
			Internal/medial rotation and external/lateral rotation
			Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
			Pronation and supination
			Inversion and eversion
		Processes of movements in infants
		Effects of aging on the muscular system
		Apraxia
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-12---Conscious_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-R
	12. Consciousness
		Overview
		The brain and consciousness
		Awareness levels
			High-level consciousness
			Low-level consciousness
			Alteration of consciousness
			Subconscious awareness
			Unconsciousness
		Sleep and sleep–wake cycles
			Types of sleep
			Sleep regulation
			Importance of sleep
			Sleep and the brain
			Sleep disorders
				Insomnia
				Sleep apnea
				Nightmares
				Night terrors
				Somnambulism
				Sleep talking
				Narcolepsy
		Dreams
			Cognitive theory of dreaming
			Freud\'s psychodynamic approach
		Hypnosis
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-13---Cognitive-fu_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behaviora
	13. Cognitive functions
		Overview
		Learning classifications
		The learning process
		Memory and intelligence
		Executive skill
		Facial expression and cognition
		Comprehension
		Cognitive disorders
			Dementia
			Amnesia
			Delirium
		Aphasias
		Alexia
		Agraphia
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-14---Emotio_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Rela
	14. Emotions
		Overview
		Biological factors
		Theories of emotion
		Cognitive factors
		Behavioral factors
		Sociocultural factors
		Classifying emotions
		Adaptive functions
		Happiness
		Sadness
		Fear
		Anger
		Surprise
		Disgust
		Inhibition and impulse control
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-15---Neurological-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavior
	15. Neurological disorders
		Overview
		Cerebrovascular accident
		Neurodegenerative disorders
			Alzheimer\'s disease
				Vascular dementia
				Lewy body dementia
				Frontotemporal dementia
				HIV-associated dementia
			Parkinson\'s disease
			Huntington\'s disease
			Ataxia
			Motor neuron disease
				Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
				Progressive muscular atrophy
				Progressive bulbar palsy
				Primary lateral sclerosis
		Seizures
			Generalized seizures
			Partial seizure
			Absence seizure
			Tonic-clonic seizure
			Atonic seizures
			Myoclonic seizure
			Febrile seizures
			Status epilepticus
		Traumatic brain injury
		Brain and spinal tumors
			Spinal cord tumors
		Clinical cases
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-16---Acute-and-chro_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavio
	16. Acute and chronic stress
		Overview
		Acute stress disorder
		Anxiety
		Posttraumatic stress disorder
		Adjustment disorders
		Clinical cases
			Clinical case 1
			Clinical case 2
			Clinical case 3
			Clinical case 4
			Clinical case 5
			Clinical case 6
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-17---Affective-di_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behaviora
	17. Affective disorders
		Overview
		Major depressive disorder
		Persistent depressive disorder
		Bipolar I disorder
		Bipolar II disorder
		Cyclothymic disorder
		Suicide
			Traumatic brain injury and suicide
			Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide
			Chronic pain, opioids, and suicide
			Alcohol and suicide
			Suicide attempts and completed suicide
			Euthanasia
		Homicide
			Schizophrenia and homicide
			Substance-induced psychosis and homicide
			Traumatic brain injury and homicide
			Temporal lobe dysfunction and homicide
			Dementia and homicide
			Antisocial personality disorder and homicide
		Clinical cases
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-18---Schizophrenic-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavio
	18. Schizophrenic disorders
		Overview
		Schizophrenia
		Brief psychotic disorder
		Delusional disorder
		Schizoaffective disorder
		Schizophreniform disorder
		Clinical cases
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-19---Dissociative-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavior
	19. Dissociative disorders
		Overview
		Dissociative amnesia
		Dissociative fugue
		Depersonalization/derealization disorders
		Dissociative identity disorder
		Clinical cases
			Clinical case 1
			Clinical case 2
			Clinical case 3
			Clinical case 4
			Clinical case 5
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-20---Personality-d_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavior
	20. Personality disorders
		Overview
		Paranoid personality disorder
		Schizoid personality disorder
		Schizotypal personality disorder
		Antisocial personality disorder
		Borderline personality disorder
		Histrionic personality disorder
		Narcissistic personality disorder
		Avoidant personality disorder
		Dependent personality disorder
		Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
		Clinical cases
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-21---Eating-dis_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-
	21. Eating disorders
		Overview
		Bulimia nervosa
		Binge-eating disorder
		Anorexia nervosa
		Pica
		Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
		Rumination disorder
		Clinical cases
			Case study 1
			Case study 2
			Case study 3
			Case study 4
			Case study 5
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-22---Sleep-wake-d_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behaviora
	22. Sleep–wake disorders
		Overview
		Physiology of sleep
		Insomnia
		Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
		Restless legs syndrome
		Circadian rhythm disorders
		Sleep–wake disturbances
			Sleep and depression
			Sleep and anxiety
		Sleep during pregnancy
		Sleep disorders of childhood
			Childhood insomnia
			Hypersomnia
			Parasomnia
			Delayed sleep phase syndrome
			Sleep effects upon behavioral and mental health
		Clinical cases
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-23---Substance-_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-
	23. Substance abuse
		Overview
		Substance-induced mental disorders
		Substance intoxication and withdrawal
		Scheduled drugs
		Alcohol
		Cannabis
		Sedatives and hypnotics
		Opioids and fentanyl awareness
			Opioid analgesics
			Fentanyl awareness
		Stimulant drugs
			Amphetamines
			Cocaine
		Hallucinogens
		Anabolic steroids
		Clinical cases
			Clinical case 1
			Clinical case 2
			Clinical case 3
			Clinical case 4
		Key terms
		Further reading
Chapter-24---Sexuality-and-repro_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Be
	24. Sexuality and reproductive disorders
		Overview
		Sexual biology
		Female sexuality
			Sexual desire disorder
			Sexual arousal disorder
			Orgasmic disorder
			Vaginismus
			Dyspareunia
			Persistent genital arousal disorder
		Male sexuality
			Premature ejaculation
			Ejaculatory dysfunction
			Erectile dysfunction
		Homosexuality
		Gender dysphoria
		Paraphilias
			Voyeurism
			Exhibitionism
			Sexual masochism disorder
			Sexual sadism disorder
			Transvestic disorder
			Pedophilia
		Clinical cases
			Clinical case 1
			Clinical case 2
			Clinical case 3
			Clinical case 4
			Clinical case 5
		Key terms
		Further reading
Glossary_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationships
	Glossary
Index_2024_Foundations-of-the-Mind--Brain--and-Behavioral-Relationships
	Index
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