Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering

Cover
Foundations of Materials Scienceand Engineering
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABOUT THE COVER
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
	1.1 Materials and Engineering
	1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
	1.3 Types of Materials
		1.3.1 Metallic Materials
		1.3.2 Polymeric Materials
		1.3.3 Ceramic Materials
		1.3.4 Composite Materials
		1.3.5 Electronic Materials
	1.4 Competition Among Materials
	1.5 Recent Advances in Materials Science and Technology and Future Trends
		1.5.1 Smart Materials
		1.5.2 Nanomaterials
	1.6 Design and Selection
	1.7 Summary
	1.8 Definitions
	1.9 Problems
CHAPTER 2: Atomic Structure and Bonding
	2.1 Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles
	2.2 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Atomic Masses
		2.2.1 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
	2.3 The Electronic Structure of Atoms
		2.3.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory and Electromagnetic Radiation
		2.3.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
		2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle and Schrödinger’s Wave Functions
		2.3.4 Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels, and Atomic Orbitals
		2.3.5 The Energy State of Multielectron Atoms
		2.3.6 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
	2.4 Periodic Variations in Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron Affinity
		2.4.1 Trends in Atomic Size
		2.4.2 Trends in Ionization Energy
		2.4.3 Trends in Electron Affinity
		2.4.4 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
	2.5 Primary Bonds
		2.5.1 Ionic Bonds
		2.5.2 Covalent Bonds
		2.5.3 Metallic Bonds
		2.5.4 Mixed Bonding
	2.6 Secondary Bonds
	2.7 Summary
	2.8 Definitions
	2.9 Problems
CHAPTER 3: Crystal and Amorphous Structure in Materials
	3.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells
	3.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices
	3.3 Principal Metallic Crystal Structures
		3.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure
		3.3.2 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure
		3.3.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure
	3.4 Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells
	3.5 Directions in Cubic Unit Cells
	3.6 Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes in Cubic Unit Cells
	3.7 Crystallographic Planes and Directions in Hexagonal Crystal Structure
		3.7.1 Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit Cells
		3.7.2 Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells
	3.8 Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal Structures
		3.8.1 FCC and HCP Crystal Structures
		3.8.2 BCC Crystal Structure
	3.9 Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations
		3.9.1 Volume Density
		3.9.2 Planar Atomic Density
		3.9.3 Linear Atomic Density and Repeat Distance
	3.10 Polymorphism or Allotropy
	3.11 Crystal Structure Analysis
		3.11.1 X-Ray Sources
		3.11.2 X-Ray Diffraction
		3.11.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structures
	3.12 Amorphous Materials
	3.13 Summary
	3.14 Definitions
	3.15 Problems
CHAPTER 4: Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections
	4.1 Solidification of Metals
		4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals
		4.1.2 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure
		4.1.3 Grain Structure of Industrial Castings
	4.2 Solidification of Single Crystals
	4.3 Metallic Solid Solutions
		4.3.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions
		4.3.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions
	4.4 Crystalline Imperfections
		4.4.1 Point Defects
		4.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations)
		4.4.3 Planar Defects
		4.4.4 Volume Defects
	4.5 Experimental Techniques for Identification of Microstructure and Defects
		4.5.1 Optical Metallography, ASTM Grain Size, and Grain Diameter Determination
		4.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		4.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		4.5.4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)
		4.5.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic Resolution
	4.6 Summary
	4.7 Definitions
	4.8 Problems
CHAPTER 5: Thermally Activated Processes and Diffusion in Solids
	5.1 Rate Processes in Solids
	5.2 Atomic Diffusion in Solids
		5.2.1 Diffusion in Solids in General
		5.2.2 Diffusion Mechanisms
		5.2.3 Steady-State Diffusion
		5.2.4 Non–Steady-State Diffusion
	5.3 Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes
		5.3.1 Case Hardening of Steel by Gas Carburizing
		5.3.2 Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers for Integrated Circuits
	5.4 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Solids
	5.5 Summary
	5.6 Definitions
	5.7 Problems
CHAPTER 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals I
	6.1 The Processing of Metals and Alloys
		6.1.1 The Casting of Metals and Alloys
		6.1.2 Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals and Alloys
		6.1.3 Extrusion of Metals and Alloys
		6.1.4 Forging
		6.1.5 Other Metal-Forming Processes
	6.2 Stress and Strain in Metals
		6.2.1 Elastic and Plastic Deformation
		6.2.2 Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain
		6.2.3 Poisson’s Ratio
		6.2.4 Shear Stress and Shear Strain
	6.3 The Tensile Test and The Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram
		6.3.1 Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram
		6.3.2 Comparison of Engineering Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Alloys
		6.3.3 True Stress and True Strain
	6.4 Hardness and Hardness Testing
	6.5 Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals
		6.5.1 Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals
		6.5.2 Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism
		6.5.3 Slip Systems
		6.5.4 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals
		6.5.5 Schmid’s Law
		6.5.6 Twinning
	6.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals
		6.6.1 Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals
		6.6.2 Effect of Plastic Deformation on Grain Shape and Dislocation Arrangements
		6.6.3 Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals
	6.7 Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals
	6.8 Recovery and Recrystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals
		6.8.1 Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal before Reheating
		6.8.2 Recovery
		6.8.3 Recrystallization
	6.9 Superplasticity in Metals
	6.10 Nanocrystalline Metals
	6.11 Summary
	6.12 Definitions
	6.13 Problems
CHAPTER 7: Mechanical Properties of Metals II
	7.1 Fracture of Metals
		7.1.1 Ductile Fracture
		7.1.2 Brittle Fracture
		7.1.3 Toughness and Impact Testing
		7.1.4 Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature
		7.1.5 Fracture Toughness
	7.2 Fatigue of Metals
		7.2.1 Cyclic Stresses
		7.2.2 Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a Ductile Metal in the Fatigue Process
		7.2.3 Some Major Factors that Affect the Fatigue Strength of a Metal
	7.3 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate
		7.3.1 Correlation of Fatigue Crack Propagation with Stress and Crack Length
		7.3.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress-Intensity Factor Range Plots
		7.3.3 Fatigue Life Calculations
	7.4 Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals
		7.4.1 Creep of Metals
		7.4.2 The Creep Test
		7.4.3 Creep-Rupture Test
	7.5 Graphical Representation of Creep- and Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter
	7.6 A Case Study In Failure of Metallic Components
	7.7 Recent Advances and Future Directions in Improving The Mechanical Performance of Metals
		7.7.1 Improving Ductility and Strength Simultaneously
		7.7.2 Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Metals
	7.8 Summary
	7.9 Definitions
	7.10 Problems
CHAPTER 8: Phase Diagrams
	8.1 Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances
	8.2 Gibbs Phase Rule
	8.3 Cooling Curves
	8.4 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems
	8.5 The Lever Rule
	8.6 Nonequilibrium Solidification of Alloys
	8.7 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems
	8.8 Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems
	8.9 Binary Monotectic Systems
	8.10 Invariant Reactions
	8.11 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases and Compounds
	8.12 Ternary Phase Diagrams
	8.13 Summary
	8.14 Definitions
	8.15 Problems
CHAPTER 9: Engineering Alloys
	9.1 Production of Iron and Steel
		9.1.1 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace
		9.1.2 Steelmaking and Processing of Major Steel Product Forms
	9.2 The Iron-Carbon System
		9.2.1 The Iron–Iron-Carbide Phase Diagram
		9.2.2 Solid Phases in the Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
		9.2.3 Invariant Reactions in the Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
		9.2.4 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels
	9.3 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon Steels
		9.3.1 Martensite
		9.3.2 Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite
		9.3.3 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon Steel
		9.3.4 Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-Carbon Steels
		9.3.5 Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels
		9.3.6 Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and Typical Mechanical Properties
	9.4 Low-Alloy Steels
		9.4.1 Classification of Alloy Steels
		9.4.2 Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy Steels
		9.4.3 Effects of Alloying Elements on the Eutectoid Temperature of Steels
		9.4.4 Hardenability
		9.4.5 Typical Mechanical Properties and Applications for Low-Alloy Steels
	9.5 Aluminum Alloys
		9.5.1 Precipitation Strengthening (Hardening)
		9.5.2 General Properties of Aluminum and Its Production
		9.5.3 Wrought Aluminum Alloys
		9.5.4 Aluminum Casting Alloys
	9.6 Copper Alloys
		9.6.1 General Properties of Copper
		9.6.2 Production of Copper
		9.6.3 Classification of Copper Alloys
		9.6.4 Wrought Copper Alloys
	9.7 Stainless Steels
		9.7.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels
		9.7.2 Martensitic Stainless Steels
		9.7.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels
	9.8 Cast Irons
		9.8.1 General Properties
		9.8.2 Types of Cast Irons
		9.8.3 White Cast Iron
		9.8.4 Gray Cast Iron
		9.8.5 Ductile Cast Irons
		9.8.6 Malleable Cast Irons
	9.9 Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys
		9.9.1 Magnesium Alloys
		9.9.2 Titanium Alloys
		9.9.3 Nickel Alloys
	9.10 Special-Purpose Alloys and Applications
		9.10.1 Intermetallics
		9.10.2 Shape-Memory Alloys
		9.10.3 Amorphous Metals
	9.11 Summary
	9.12 Definitions
	9.13 Problems
CHAPTER 10: Polymeric Materials
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Thermoplastics
		10.1.2 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)
	10.2 Polymerization Reactions
		10.2.1 Covalent Bonding Structure of an Ethylene Molecule
		10.2.2 Covalent Bonding Structure of an Activated Ethylene Molecule
		10.2.3 General Reaction for the Polymerization of Polyethylene and the Degree of Polymerization
		10.2.4 Chain Polymerization Steps
		10.2.5 Average Molecular Weight for Thermoplastics
		10.2.6 Functionality of a Monomer
		10.2.7 Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers
		10.2.8 Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers
		10.2.9 Homopolymers and Copolymers
		10.2.10 Other Methods of Polymerization
	10.3 Industrial Polymerization Methods
	10.4 Glass Transition Temperature and Crystallinity in Thermoplastics
		10.4.1 Glass Transition Temperature
		10.4.2 Solidification of Noncrystalline Thermoplastics
		10.4.3 Solidification of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics
		10.4.4 Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials
		10.4.5 Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics
		10.4.6 Ziegler and Natta Catalysts
	10.5 Processing of Plastic Materials
		10.5.1 Processes Used for Thermoplastic Materials
		10.5.2 Processes Used for Thermosetting Materials
	10.6 General-Purpose Thermoplastics
		10.6.1 Polyethylene
		10.6.2 Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers
		10.6.3 Polypropylene
		10.6.4 Polystyrene
		10.6.5 Polyacrylonitrile
		10.6.6 Styrene–Acrylonitrile (SAN)
		10.6.7 ABS
		10.6.8 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
		10.6.9 Fluoroplastics
	10.7 Engineering Thermoplastics
		10.7.1 Polyamides (Nylons)
		10.7.2 Polycarbonate
		10.7.3 Phenylene Oxide–Based Resins
		10.7.4 Acetals
		10.7.5 Thermoplastic Polyesters
		10.7.6 Polyphenylene Sulfide
		10.7.7 Polyetherimide
		10.7.8 Polymer Alloys
	10.8 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)
		10.8.1 Phenolics
		10.8.2 Epoxy Resins
		10.8.3 Unsaturated Polyesters
		10.8.4 Amino Resins (Ureas and Melamines)
	10.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)
		10.9.1 Natural Rubber
		10.9.2 Synthetic Rubbers
		10.9.3 Properties of Polychloroprene Elastomers
		10.9.4 Vulcanization of Polychloroprene Elastomers
	10.10 Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials
		10.10.1 Deformation Mechanisms for Thermoplastics
		10.10.2 Strengthening of Thermoplastics
		10.10.3 Strengthening of Thermosetting Plastics
		10.10.4 Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Plastic Materials
	10.11 Creep and Fracture of Polymeric Materials
		10.11.1 Creep of Polymeric Materials
		10.11.2 Stress Relaxation of Polymeric Materials
		10.11.3 Fracture of Polymeric Materials
	10.12 Summary
	10.13 Definitions
	10.14 Problems
CHAPTER 11: Ceramics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures
		11.2.1 Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple Ceramic Compounds
		11.2.2 Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in Ionically Bonded Solids
		11.2.3 Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Crystal Structure
		11.2.4 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal Structure
		11.2.5 Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices
		11.2.6 Zinc Blende (ZnS) Crystal Structure
		11.2.7 Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Crystal Structure
		11.2.8 Antifluorite Crystal Structure
		11.2.9 Corundum (Al2O3) Crystal Structure
		11.2.10 Spinel (MgAl2O4) Crystal Structure
		11.2.11 Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal Structure
		11.2.12 Carbon and Its Allotropes
	11.3 Silicate Structures
		11.3.1 Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate Structures
		11.3.2 Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of Silicates
		11.3.3 Sheet Structures of Silicates
		11.3.4 Silicate Networks
	11.4 Processing of Ceramics
		11.4.1 Materials Preparation
		11.4.2 Forming
		11.4.3 Thermal Treatments
	11.5 Traditional and Structural Ceramics
		11.5.1 Traditional Ceramics
		11.5.2 Structural Ceramics
	11.6 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
		11.6.1 General
		11.6.2 Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials
		11.6.3 Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic Materials
		11.6.4 Toughness of Ceramic Materials
		11.6.5 Transformation Toughening of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)
		11.6.6 Fatigue Failure of Ceramics
		11.6.7 Ceramic Abrasive Materials
	11.7 Thermal Properties of Ceramics
		11.7.1 Ceramic Refractory Materials
		11.7.2 Acidic Refractories
		11.7.3 Basic Refractories
		11.7.4 Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space Shuttle Orbiter
	11.8 Glasses
		11.8.1 Definition of a Glass
		11.8.2 Glass Transition Temperature
		11.8.3 Structure of Glasses
		11.8.4 Compositions of Glasses
		11.8.5 Viscous Deformation of Glasses
		11.8.6 Forming Methods for Glasses
		11.8.7 Tempered Glass
		11.8.8 Chemically Strengthened Glass
	11.9 Ceramic Coatings and Surface Engineering
		11.9.1 Silicate Glasses
		11.9.2 Oxides and Carbides
	11.10 Nanotechnology and Ceramics
	11.11 Summary
	11.12 Definitions
	11.13 Problems
CHAPTER 12: Composite Materials
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Classification of Composite Materials
		12.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Materials over Conventional Materials
	12.2 Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials
		12.2.1 Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins
		12.2.2 Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics
		12.2.3 Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins
		12.2.4 Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Carbon, Aramid, and Glass Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials
	12.3 Matrix Materials for Composites
	12.4 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
		12.4.1 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics
		12.4.2 Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Epoxy Resins
	12.5 Equations for Elastic Modulus of Composite Laminates: Isostrain and Isostress Conditions
		12.5.1 Isostrain Conditions
		12.5.2 Isostress Conditions
	12.6 Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
		12.6.1 Hand Lay-Up Process
		12.6.2 Spray Lay-Up Process
		12.6.3 Vacuum Bag–Autoclave Process
		12.6.4 Filament-Winding Process
	12.7 Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
		12.7.1 Compression and Injection Molding
		12.7.2 The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC) Process
		12.7.3 Continuous-Pultrusion Process
	12.8 Concrete
		12.8.1 Portland Cement
		12.8.2 Mixing Water for Concrete
		12.8.3 Aggregates for Concrete
		12.8.4 Air Entrainment
		12.8.5 Compressive Strength of Concrete
		12.8.6 Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures
		12.8.7 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
		12.8.8 Prestressed Concrete
	12.9 Asphalt and Asphalt Mixes
	12.10 Wood
		12.10.1 Macrostructure of Wood
		12.10.2 Microstructure of Softwoods
		12.10.3 Microstructure of Hardwoods
		12.10.4 Cell-Wall Ultrastructure
		12.10.5 Properties of Wood
	12.11 Sandwich Structures
		12.11.1 Honeycomb Sandwich Structure
		12.11.2 Cladded Metal Structures
	12.12 Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
		12.12.1 Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs)
		12.12.2 Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMCs)
		12.12.3 Ceramic Composites and Nanotechnology
	12.13 Summary
	12.14 Definitions
	12.15 Problems
CHAPTER 13 Corrosion
	13.1 Corrosion and Its Economical Impact
	13.2 Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals
		13.2.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		13.2.2 Standard Electrode Half-Cell Potentials for Metals
	13.3 Galvanic Cells
		13.3.1 Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are One Molar
		13.3.2 Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are Not One Molar
		13.3.3 Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline Electrolytes with No Metal Ions Present
		13.3.4 Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of Single Electrodes
		13.3.5 Concentration Galvanic Cells
		13.3.6 Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in Composition, Structure, and Stress
	13.4 Corrosion Rates (Kinetics)
		13.4.1 Rate of Uniform Corrosion or Electroplating of a Metal in an Aqueous Solution
		13.4.2 Corrosion Reactions and Polarization
		13.4.3 Passivation
		13.4.4 The Galvanic Series
	13.5 Types of Corrosion
		13.5.1 Uniform or General Attack Corrosion
		13.5.2 Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion
		13.5.3 Pitting Corrosion
		13.5.4 Crevice Corrosion
		13.5.5 Intergranular Corrosion
		13.5.6 Stress Corrosion
		13.5.7 Erosion Corrosion
		13.5.8 Cavitation Damage
		13.5.9 Fretting Corrosion
		13.5.10 Selective Leaching
		13.5.11 Hydrogen Damage
	13.6 Oxidation of Metals
		13.6.1 Protective Oxide Films
		13.6.2 Mechanisms of Oxidation
		13.6.3 Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)
	13.7 Corrosion Control
		13.7.1 Materials Selection
		13.7.2 Coatings
		13.7.3 Design
		13.7.4 Alteration of Environment
		13.7.5 Cathodic and Anodic Protection
	13.8 Summary
	13.9 Definitions
	13.10 Problems
CHAPTER 14: Electrical Properties of Materials
	14.1 Electrical Conduction In Metals
		14.1.1 The Classic Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals
		14.1.2 Ohm’s Law
		14.1.3 Drift Velocity of Electrons in a Conducting Metal
		14.1.4 Electrical Resistivity of Metals
	14.2 Energy-Band Model for Electrical Conduction
		14.2.1 Energy-Band Model for Metals
		14.2.2 Energy-Band Model for Insulators
	14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors
		14.3.1 The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors
		14.3.2 Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon
		14.3.3 Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors
		14.3.4 Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors
		14.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductivity
	14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors
		14.4.1 n-Type (Negative-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors
		14.4.2 p-Type (Positive-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors
		14.4.3 Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material
		14.4.4 Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors
		14.4.5 Effect of Total Ionized Impurity Concentration on the Mobility of Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room Temperature
		14.4.6 Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Extrinsic Semiconductors
	14.5 Semiconductor Devices
		14.5.1 The pn Junction
		14.5.2 Some Applications for pn Junction Diodes
		14.5.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
	14.6 Microelectronics
		14.6.1 Microelectronic Planar Bipolar Transistors
		14.6.2 Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect Transistors
		14.6.3 Fabrication of Microelectronic Integrated Circuits
	14.7 Compound Semiconductors
	14.8 Electrical Properties of Ceramics
		14.8.1 Basic Properties of Dielectrics
		14.8.2 Ceramic Insulator Materials
		14.8.3 Ceramic Materials for Capacitors
		14.8.4 Ceramic Semiconductors
		14.8.5 Ferroelectric Ceramics
	14.9 Nanoelectronics
	14.10 Summary
	14.11 Definitions
	14.12 Problems
CHAPTER 15 Optical Properties and Superconductive Materials
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
	15.3 Refraction of Light
		15.3.1 Index of Refraction
		15.3.2 Snell’s Law of Light Refraction
	15.4 Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of Light
		15.4.1 Metals
		15.4.2 Silicate Glasses
		15.4.3 Plastics
		15.4.4 Semiconductors
	15.5 Luminescence
		15.5.1 Photoluminescence
		15.5.2 Cathodoluminescence
	15.6 Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Lasers
		15.6.1 Types of Lasers
	15.7 Optical Fibers
		15.7.1 Light Loss in Optical Fibers
		15.7.2 Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers
		15.7.3 Fabrication of Optical Fibers
		15.7.4 Modern Optical-Fiber Communication Systems
	15.8 Superconducting Materials
		15.8.1 The Superconducting State
		15.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors
		15.8.3 Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in Superconductors
		15.8.4 High-Current, High-Field Superconductors
		15.8.5 High Critical Temperature (Tc) Superconducting Oxides
	15.9 Definitions
	15.10 Problems
CHAPTER 16: Magnetic Properties
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Magnetic Fields and Quantities
		16.2.1 Magnetic Fields
		16.2.2 Magnetic Induction
		16.2.3 Magnetic Permeability
		16.2.4 Magnetic Susceptibility
	16.3 Types of Magnetism
		16.3.1 Diamagnetism
		16.3.2 Paramagnetism
		16.3.3 Ferromagnetism
		16.3.4 Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired Atomic Electron
		16.3.5 Antiferromagnetism
		16.3.6 Ferrimagnetism
	16.4 Effect of Temperature on Ferromagnetism
	16.5 Ferromagnetic Domains
	16.6 Types of Energies that Determine the Structure of Ferromagnetic Domains
		16.6.1 Exchange Energy
		16.6.2 Magnetostatic Energy
		16.6.3 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Energy
		16.6.4 Domain Wall Energy
		16.6.5 Magnetostrictive Energy
	16.7 The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal
	16.8 Soft Magnetic Materials
		16.8.1 Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic Materials
		16.8.2 Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic Materials
		16.8.3 Iron–Silicon Alloys
		16.8.4 Metallic Glasses
		16.8.5 Nickel–Iron Alloys
	16.9 Hard Magnetic Materials
		16.9.1 Properties of Hard Magnetic Materials
		16.9.2 Alnico Alloys
		16.9.3 Rare Earth Alloys
		16.9.4 Neodymium–Iron–Boron Magnetic Alloys
		16.9.5 Iron–Chromium–Cobalt Magnetic Alloys
	16.10 Ferrites
		16.10.1 Magnetically Soft Ferrites
		16.10.2 Magnetically Hard Ferrites
	16.11 Summary
	16.12 Definitions
	16.13 Problems
CHAPTER 17 Biological Materials and Biomaterials
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Biological Materials: Bone
		17.2.1 Composition
		17.2.2 Macrostructure
		17.2.3 Mechanical Properties
		17.2.4 Biomechanics of Bone Fracture
		17.2.5 Viscoelasticity of Bone
		17.2.6 Bone Remodeling
		17.2.7 A Composite Model of Bone
	17.3 Biological Materials: Tendons and Ligaments
		17.3.1 Macrostructure and Composition
		17.3.2 Microstructure
		17.3.3 Mechanical Properties
		17.3.4 Structure-Property Relationship
		17.3.5 Constitutive Modeling and Viscoelasticity
		17.3.6 Ligament and Tendon Injury
	17.4 Biological Material: Articular Cartilage
		17.4.1 Composition and Macrostructure
		17.4.2 Microstructure
		17.4.3 Mechanical Properties
		17.4.4 Cartilage Degeneration
	17.5 Biomaterials: Metals in Biomedical Applications
		17.5.1 Stainless Steels
		17.5.2 Cobalt-Based Alloys
		17.5.3 Titanium Alloys
		17.5.4 Some Issues in Orthopedic Application of Metals
	17.6 Polymers in Biomedical Applications
		17.6.1 Cardiovascular Applications of Polymers
		17.6.2 Ophthalmic Applications
		17.6.3 Drug Delivery Systems
		17.6.4 Suture Materials
		17.6.5 Orthopedic Applications
	17.7 Ceramics in Biomedical Applications
		17.7.1 Alumina in Orthopedic Implants
		17.7.2 Alumina in Dental Implants
		17.7.3 Ceramic Implants and Tissue Connectivity
		17.7.4 Nanocrystalline Ceramics
	17.8 Composites in Biomedical Applications
		17.8.1 Orthopedic Applications
		17.8.2 Applications in Dentistry
	17.9 Corrosion in Biomaterials
	17.10 Wear in Biomedical Implants
	17.11 Tissue Engineering
	17.12 Summary
	17.13 Definitions
	17.14 Problems
APPENDIX I: Important Properties of Selected Engineering Materials
APPENDIX II: Some Properties of Selected Elements
APPENDIX III: Ionic Radii of the Elements
APPENDIX IV: Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature of Selected Polymers
APPENDIX V: Selected Physical Quantities and Their Units
References for Further Study by Chapter
Glossary
Answers
Index