Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology (Bradford Books)

Contents in Brief......Page 6
Contents in Detail......Page 8
Preface......Page 19
List of Symbols, Units, and Physical Constants......Page 22
1.  Introduction......Page 30
2.1   Introduction......Page 38
2.2.1  Fick's law for diffusion......Page 39
2.2.3  The Einstein relation between diffusion and mobility......Page 40
2.2.4  Space-charge neutrality......Page 41
2.3   The Nernst-Planck equation......Page 43
2.4   The Nernst equation......Page 44
2.5    Ion distribution and gradient maintenance......Page 46
2.5.1  Active transport of ions......Page 47
2.5.2  Passive distribution of ions and Donna n equilibrium......Page 48
2.6    Effects of Cl- and K+  on membrane voltage......Page 51
2.7.1  Membrane permeability......Page 53
2.7.2  The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) model......Page 55
2.7.3  Applications of GHK equations......Page 59
2.9    Homework problems......Page 62
3.1   Equivalent circuit representation......Page 68
3.2.1  Linear membrane......Page 70
3.2.2  Nonlinear membrane......Page 71
3.3   Ionic conductances......Page 75
3.4   The parallel conductance model......Page 76
3.5   Current-voltage relations......Page 79
3.7   Homework problems......Page 80
4.2   Significance of electrotonic properties of neurons......Page 83
4.3   Isopotential cell (sphere)......Page 88
4.4   Nonisopotential cell (cylinder)......Page 90
4.4.1  Units and definitions......Page 93
4.4.2  Solutions of cable equations......Page 95
4.5.1  Derivation of the model......Page 113
4.5.2  Experimental determination of L, p, and ò      QQàÆ
ÿÿÿÿ°
Æ
Æ......Page 120
4.5.3  Application to synaptic inputs......Page 126
4.6   Two-port network analysis of electrotonic structure......Page 130
4.8   Derivation of the input conductance of a finite-length cable......Page 135
4.9   Derivation of potential distribution along finite cableattached to lumped soma......Page 136
4.10  Homework problems......Page 137
5.2   Membrane rectification......Page 149
5.3   Models for membrane rectification......Page 150
5.3.1  Constant field (GHK) model......Page 151
5.3.2  Energy barrier model (Eyring rate theory)......Page 152
5.3.3  The gate model (Hodgkin and Huxley's model)......Page 158
5.4   Review of important concepts......Page 164
5.5   Homework problems......Page 165
6.2.1  Voltage-clamp systems and reasons for voltage clamping
......Page 171
6.2.2  Voltage-clamp records
......Page 172
6.2.3  Instantaneous current-voltage relation
......Page 173
6.2.4  gNa  and gK  of the squid axon......Page 176
6.3   Hodgkin and Huxley's model......Page 177
6.4.1  Hodgkin and Huxley equations for nonpropagating and propagatingaction potentials......Page 183
6.4.2  Variations in voltage and currents during nonpropagating andpropagating action potentials......Page 185
6.5   Noble's model for nerve excitation: simplified I-V relations......Page 187
6.6   Gating current......Page 189
6.7   Review of important concepts......Page 197
6.8   Homework problems......Page 198
7.1   Introduction......Page 209
7.2   Cellular distribution of ion channels......Page 210
7.3   Propagation of the action potential in myelinated axons......Page 211
7.4   Properties of different membrane currents......Page 213
7.4.1  Sodium currents fast and slow......Page 214
7.4.2  Calcium currents......Page 218
7.4.3  Potassium currents......Page 223
7.5   Functions of different membrane currents......Page 231
7.7   Homework problems......Page 236
8.1   Introduction......Page 241
8.2   Molecular structure of ion channels......Page 242
8.3   Patch-clamp records of single-channel currents......Page 245
8.4   Review of important concepts......Page 251
9.1   Introduction......Page 252
9.2   Basic descriptive properties of random data......Page 253
9.2.2  Probability functions......Page 254
9.2.3  Covariance function Ñ(ò) and correlation function R(ò) QQpªÆ
ÿÿÿÿ•®Æ
0¦Æ
4¦Æ
4¦Æ
ela@$Ö......Page 258
9.2.4  Power spectral density function S (f)......Page 259
9.3   Statistical analysis of channel gating......Page 260
9.4   Probability density function of channel gating......Page 265
9.5   Review of important concepts......Page 268
9.6   Homework problems......Page 269
10.1   Introduction......Page 273
10.2   Derivation of the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation......Page 274
10.3   Chapman-Kolmogorov equation for n-state channels......Page 277
10.4.1  Channels involving three-state transition schemes......Page 288
10.4.2  Channels involving many-state transition schemes......Page 296
10.6   Review of important concepts......Page 301
10.7   Homework problems......Page 302
11.1   Introduction......Page 311
11.1.1  Why chemical synaptic transmission?......Page 312
11.2   Chemical transmission......Page 314
11.3   Experiments at the neuromuscular junction......Page 316
11.4   Statistical treatment of quantum hypothesis......Page 317
11.4.1  Spontaneous release......Page 318
11.4.2  Evoked release......Page 322
11.5.1  Facilitation, post-tetanic potentiation, and depression......Page 333
11.5.2  Long-term potentiation......Page 337
11.6   Synaptic transmission between central neurons......Page 338
11.8   Homework problems......Page 341
12.1   Introduction......Page 347
12.2   Formulation of the Ca2+ hypothesis......Page 348
12.3   Cooperative action of Ca2+ ions on transmitter release......Page 350
12.4   Biophysical analysis of Ca2+ and transmitter release......Page 352
12.4.1  Voltage clamping the squid giant synapse......Page 353
12.4.2  Presynaptic Ca2+ currents......Page 357
12.4.3  Relationship between calcium current and transmitter release......Page 358
12.4.4  Cooperative action of Ca2+ at the squid synapse......Page 362
12.4.5  A model for transmitter release at the squid synapse......Page 364
12.4.6  Synaptic delay......Page 366
12.5.1  Synaptic depression......Page 367
12.5.2  Facilitation and PTP: The residual Ca2+ hypothesis......Page 368
12.5.3  Presynaptic modulation of transmitter release......Page 370
12.6.1  Early hypotheses for Ca2+-dependent exocytosis......Page 371
12.6.2  Fusion pores
......Page 373
12.6.3  Vesicle-associated proteins: Possibilities for the Ca2+ receptor......Page 374
12.6.4  Calcium domains, active zones, and calcium buffering......Page 375
12.8   Homework problems......Page 379
13.2   General scheme for ligand-gated channels......Page 381
13.3   Synaptic conductances and reversal potentials......Page 384
13.3.2  Voltage-clamp analysis of synaptic parameters (I-V curves)......Page 388
13.3.3  Conductance and reversal potentials for nonisopotential synapticinputs......Page 391
13.4   Synaptic kinetics......Page 397
13.4.1  Theory for channel kinetics and the time course of synapticcurrents......Page 399
13.4.2  Kinetics of nonisopotential synapses......Page 404
13.5   Excitatory amino acid receptors......Page 406
13.6   Functional properties of synapses......Page 410
13.6.1  Spatial summation......Page 411
13.6.2  Temporal summation......Page 412
13.7   Slow synaptic responses: Conductance-decrease PSPs......Page 413
13.8   Diversity of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system......Page 414
13.9.1  Electrical synapses......Page 416
13.9.2  Ephaptic coupling......Page 419
13.10   Compartmental models for a neuron......Page 420
13.11.1  Attenuation of potential between dendritic shaft and spinehead......Page 424
13.11.3  Spines represented as series resistors......Page 427
13.11.4  The attenuation of synaptic inputs by spines......Page 428
13.13   Homework problems......Page 434
14.1   Introduction......Page 445
14.2.1  Action potential along a nerve fiber......Page 446
14.2.3  Volume conductor theory......Page 448
14.3   Classification of fields......Page 450
14.3.1  Open field......Page 451
14.4   Semiquantitative theory for extracellular fields......Page 452
14.4.1  Typical extracellular recordings in an open field......Page 454
14.5   Current source-density analysis......Page 457
14.6   Summary of important concepts......Page 460
14.7   Homework problems......Page 461
15.1.1  Spine shape changes as a substrate for synaptic plasticity......Page 462
15.2.1  Long-term potentiation......Page 465
15.2.2  Long-term depression......Page 482
15.3   Associative and nonassociative forms of learning......Page 485
15.3.2  Classical conditioning......Page 486
15.4   Role of hippocampus in learning and memory......Page 488
15.5.1  Correlation matrix......Page 490
15.5.2  Neurophysiological implementa tion of the correlation matrix......Page 492
15.7   Homework problems......Page 496
A.1   Introduction......Page 501
A.2   Definitions related to measuring systems......Page 502
A.3   Definitions and units for electrical circuits......Page 506
A.4   Amplifiers and voltage-clamp circuits......Page 523
A.6   Homework problems......Page 532
B.2   Definitions......Page 535
B.3   Optical probes......Page 551
B.4   Photoactivated "caged" compounds......Page 554
B.5   Summary of important concepts......Page 555
C.  Short Answers to Homework  Problems......Page 556
D.  Complete Solutions to Problems......Page 568
Suggested Readings......Page 654
Index......Page 685