Foundations in microbiology : basic principles

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Dedication
A Note to the Student
CONTENTS
Beginning the Journey
1 The Main Themes of Microbiology
	1.1 The Scope of Microbiology
	1.2 General Characteristics of Microorganisms and Their Roles in the Earth’s Environments
		The Origins of Microorganisms
		The Cellular Organization of Microorganisms
		Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?
		Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow
	1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms
	1.4 Microbial Roles in Infectious Diseases
	1.5 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology
		The Development of the Microscope: “Seeing Is Believing”
		The Establishment of the Scientific Method
		The Development of Medical Microbiology
		The Discovery of Spores and Sterilization
	1.6 Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying, and Naming Microorganisms
		The Levels of Classification
		Assigning Specific Names
	1.7 The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms
		Systems for Presenting a Universal Tree of Life
2 The Chemistry of Biology
	2.1 Atoms: Fundamental Building Blocks of All Matter in the Universe
		Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties
		The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
	2.2 Bonds and Molecules
		Covalent Bonds: Molecules with Shared Electrons
		Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer among Atoms
		Electron Transfer and Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
	2.3 Chemical Reactions, Solutions, and pH
		Formulas, Models, and Equations
		Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures of Molecules
		Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale
	2.4 The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds
		Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
		Organic Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
	2.5 Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates
		The Nature of Carbohydrate Bonds
		The Functions of Carbohydrates in Cells
	2.6 Molecules of Life: Lipids
		Membrane Lipids
		Miscellaneous Lipids
	2.7 Molecules of Life: Proteins
		Protein Structure and Diversity
	2.8 The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs
		The Double Helix of DNA
		Making New DNA: Passing on the Genetic Message
		RNA: Organizers of Protein Synthesis
		ATP: The Energy Molecule of Cells
3 Tools of the Laboratory: Methods of Studying Microorganisms
	3.1 Methods of Microbial Investigation
	3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
		Magnification and Microscope Design
		Variations on the Optical Microscope
		Electron Microscopy
		Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes
	3.3 Additional Features of the Six “I’s”
		Inoculation: Growth and Identification of Cultures
		Isolation Techniques
		Identification Techniques
	3.4 Media: Foundations of Culturing
		Types of Media
		Physical States of Media
		Chemical Content of Media
		Media to Suit Every Function
4 A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	4.1 Basic Characteristics of Cells and Life Forms
		What Is Life?
	4.2 Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea
		The Structure of a Generalized Bacterial Cell
		Cell Extensions and Surface Structures
	4.3 The Cell Envelope: The Boundary Layer of Bacteria
		Basic Typed of Cell Envelopes
		Structure of Cell Walls
		Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
		Cell Membrane Structure
	4.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
		Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
		Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Life Form
	4.5 Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes
	4.6 Classification Systems of Prokaryotic Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
		Bacterial Taxonomy Based on Bergey’s Manual
	4.7 Survey of Prokaryotic Groups with Unusual Characteristics
		Free-Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria
		Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria
		Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes
5 A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	5.1 The History of Eukaryotes
	5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures
		Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella
		The Glycocalyx
		Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Boundary Structures
	5.3 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
		The Nucleus: The Control Center
		Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell
		Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine
		Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell
		Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines
		Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers
		The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network
	5.4 Eukaryotic-Prokaryotic Comparisons and Taxonomy of Eukaryotes
		Overview of Taxonomy
	5.5 The Kingdom of the Fungi
		Fungal Nutrition
		Organization of Microscopic Fungi
		Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation
		Fungal Classification
		Fungal Identification and Cultivation
		Fungi in Medicine, Nature, and Industry
	5.6 Survey of Protists: Algae
		The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists
	5.7 Survey of Protists: Protozoa
		Protozoan Form and Function
		Protozoan Identification and Cultivation
		Important Protozoan Pathogens
	5.8 Parasitic Helminths
		General Worm Morphology
		Life Cycles and Reproduction
		A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm
		Helminth Classification and Identification
		Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms
6 An Introduction to Viruses
	6.1 Overview of Viruses
		Early Searches for the Tiniest Microbes
		The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
	6.2 The General Structure of Viruses
		Size Range
		Viral Components: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes
	6.3 How Viruses Are Classified and Named
	6.4 Modes of Viral Multiplication
		Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses
	6.5 The Multiplication Cycle in Bacteriophages
		Lysogeny: The Silent Virus Infection
	6.6 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
		Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques
		Using Bird Embryos
		Using Live Animal Inoculation
	6.7 Viral Infection, Detection, and Treatment
	6.8 Prions and Other Nonviral Infectious Particles
7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth
	7.1 Microbial Nutrition
		Chemical Analysis of Cell Contents
		Forms, Sources, and Functions of Essential Nutrients
		Classification of Nutritional Types
	7.2 Transport: Movement of Substances across the Cell Membrane
		Diffusion and Molecular Motion
		The Diffusion of Water: Osmosis
		Adaptations to Osmotic Variations in the Environment
		The Movement of Solutes across Membranes
		Active Transport: Bringing in Molecules against a Gradient
		Endocytosis: Eating and Drinking by Cells
	7.3 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
		Adaptations to Temperature
		Gas Requirements
		Effects of pH
		Osmotic Pressure
		Miscellaneous Environmental Factors
	7.4 Ecological Associations among Microorganisms
		Interrelationships between Microbes and Humans
	7.5 The Study of Microbial Growth
		The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission
		The Rate of Population Growth
		Determinants of Population Growth
		Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
	8.1 The Metabolism of Microbes
		Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life
		Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways
	8.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
		Cell Energetics
	8.3 Pathways of Bioenergetics
		Catabolism: An Overview of Nutrient Breakdown and Energy Release
		Energy Strategies in Microorganisms
		Aerobic Respiration
		Pyruvic Acid—A Central Metabolite
		The Krebs Cycle—A Carbon and Energy Wheel
		The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidation Phosphorylation
		Summary of Aerobic Respiration
		Anaerobic Respiration
		The Importance of Fermentation
	8.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
		The Frugality of the Cell—Waste Not, Want Not
		Assembly of the Cell
	8.5 Photosynthesis: The Earth’s Lifeline
		Light-Dependent Reactions
		Light-Independent Reactions
		Other Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
9 Microbial Genetics
	9.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity
		The Nature of the Genetic Material
		The Structure of DNA: A Double Helix with Its Own Language
		DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On
	9.2 Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation
		The Gene-Protein Connection
		The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation
		Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
		Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression
		Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar yet Different
	9.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism
		The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		A Repressible Operon
		Non-Operon Control Mechanisms
	9.4 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
		Causes of Mutations
		Categories of Mutations
		Repair of Mutations
		The Ames Test
		Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations
	9.5 DNA Recombination Events
		Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria
	9.6 The Genetics of Animal Viruses
		Replication Strategies in Animal Viruses
10 Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology
	10.1 Basic Elements and Applications of Genetic Engineering
		Tools and Techniques of DNA Technology
	10.2 Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature
		Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning
		Construction of a Recombinant, Insertion into a Cloning Host, and Genetic Expression
		Protein Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
	10.3 Genetically Modified Organisms
		Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses
		Recombination in Multicellular Organisms
	10.4 Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body
		Gene Therapy
		DNA Technology as Genetic Medicine
	10.5 Genome Analysis: Fingerprints and Genetic Testing
		DNA Fingerprinting: A Unique Picture of a Genome
11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control
	11.1 Controlling Microorganisms
		General Considerations in Microbial Control
		Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms
		Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control
		What Is Microbial Death?
		How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action
	11.2 Physical Methods of Control: Heat
		Effects of Temperature on Microbial Activities
		The Effects of Cold and Desiccation
	11.3 Physical Methods of Control: Radiation
		Radiation as a Microbial Control Agent
		Modes of Action of Ionizing versus Nonionizing Radiation
		Ionizing Radiation: Gamma Rays, X Rays, and Cathode Rays
		Nonionizing Radiation: Ultraviolet Rays
	11.4 Using Filtration to Remove Microbes
		Applications of Filtration Sterilization
	11.5 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control
		Choosing a Microbicidal Chemical
		Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals
		Categories of Chemical Agents
12 Drugs, Microbes, Host—The Elements of Chemotherapy
	12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
		The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
		Interactions between Drugs and Microbes
	12.2 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups
		Antibacterial Drugs That Act on the Cell Wall
		Antibiotics That Damage Bacterial Cell Membranes
		Drugs That Act on DNA or RNA
		Drugs That Interfere with Protein Synthesis
		Drugs That Block Metabolic Pathways
	12.3 Drugs to Treat Fungal, Parasitic, and Viral Infections
		Antifungal Drugs
		Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
	12.4 Interactions between Microbes and Drugs: The Acquisition of Drug Resistance
		How Does Drug Resistance Develop?
		Specific Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
		Natural Selection and Drug Resistance
	12.5 Interactions between Drugs and Hosts
		Toxicity to Organs
		Allergic Responses to Drugs
		Suppression and Alteration of the Microflora by Antimicrobials
	12.6 Considerations in Selecting an Antimicrobial Drug
		Identifying the Agent
		Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms
		The MIC and the Therapeutic Index
		Patient Factors in Choosing an Antimicrobial Drug
13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection, Disease, and Epidemiology
	13.1 We Are Not Alone
		Contact, Colonization, Infection, Disease
		Resident Microbiota: The Human as a Habitat
		Indigenous Microbiota of Specific Regions
		Colonizers of the Human Skin
		Microbial Residents of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		Inhabitants of the Respiratory Tract
		Microbiota of the Genitourinary Tract
	13.2 Major Factors in the Development of an Infection
		Becoming Established: Phase One—Portals of Entry
		The Requirement for an Infectious Dose
		Attaching to the Host: Phase Two
		Invading the Host and Becoming Established: Phase Three
	13.3 The Outcomes of Infection and Disease
		The Stages of Clinical Infections
		Patterns of Infection
		Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease
		The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host
		The Persistence of Microbes and Pathologic Conditions
	13.4 Origins and Transmission Patterns of Infectious Microbes
		Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist
		The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents
		Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease
		Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions
	13.5 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
		Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population
14 An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities
	14.1 Overview of Host Defense Mechanisms
		Barriers at the Portal of Entry: An Inborn First Line of Defense
	14.2 Structure and Function of the Organs of Defense and Immunity
		How Do White Blood Cells Carry Out Recognition and Surveillance?
		Compartments and Connections of the Immune System
	14.3 Second Line Defenses: Inflammation
		The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury
		The Stages of Inflammation
	14.4 Second Line Defenses: Phagocytosis, Interferon, and Complement
		Phagocytosis: Partner to Inflammation and Immunity
		Interferon: Antiviral Cytokines and Immune Stimulants
		Complement: A Versatile Backup System
		Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade
		An Outline of Major Host Defenses
15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization
	15.1 Specific Immunity: The Adaptive Line of Defense
		An Overview of Specific Immune Responses
		Development of the Immune Response System
	15.2 Lymphocyte Maturation and the Nature of Antigens
		Specific Events in B-Cell Maturation
		Specific Events in T-Cell Maturation
		Characteristics of Antigens and Immunogens
	15.3 Cooperation in Immune Reactions to Antigens
		The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
		B-Cell Responses
		Monoclonal Antibodies: Useful Products from Cancer Cells
	15.4 T-Cell Responses
		Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
	15.5 A Classification Scheme for Specific, Acquired Immunities
		Defining Categories by Mode of Acquisition
		1. Natural Activity Immunity: Getting an Infection
		2. Natural Passive Immunity: Mother to Child
		Artificial Immunity: Immunization
	15.6 Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes
		Artificial Passive Immunization
		Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination
		Development of New Vaccines
		Routes of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines
		To Vaccinate: Why, Whom, and When?
16 Disorders in Immunity
	16.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
		Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity
	16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
		Modes of Contact with Allergens
		The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry
		Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
		Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms
		Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast-Cell-Mediated Allergy
		Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction to Allergens
		Diagnosis of Allergy
		Treatment and Prevention of Allergy
	16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells
		The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types
		Antibodies against A and B Antigens
		The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance
		Other RBC Antigens
	16.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
		Mechanisms of Immune Complex Diseases
		Types of Immune Complex Disease
	16.5 Immunopathologies Involving T Cells
		Type IV Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
		T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
		Practical Examples in Transplantation
	16.6 Autoimmune Diseases—An Attack on Self
		Genetic and Gender Correlation in Autoimmune Disease
		The Origins of Autoimmune Disease
		Examples of Autoimmune Disease
	16.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Compromised Immune Responses
		Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
	16.8 The Function of the Immune System in Cancer
17 Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infections
	17.1 An Overview of Clinical Microbiology
		Phenotypic Methods
		Genotypic Methods
		Immunologic Methods
		On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection
	17.2 Phenotypic Methods
		Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen
		Cultivation of Specimen
	17.3 Genotypic Methods
		DNA Analysis Using Genetic Probes
		Roles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Ribosomal RNA in Identification
	17.4 Immunologic Methods
		General Features of Immune Testing
		Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions
		The Western Blot for Detecting Proteins
		Complement Fixation
		Miscellaneous Serological Tests
		Fluorescent Antibody and Immunofluorescent Testing
	17.5 Immunoassays: Tests of Great Sensitivity
		Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
		Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
		Tests That Differentiate T Cells and B Cells
		In Vivo Testing
	17.6 Viruses as a Special Diagnostic Case
18 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance
	18.1 General Characteristics of the Staphylococci
		Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
		The Scope of Staphylococcal Disease
		Host Defenses against S. aureus
		Other Important Staphylococci
		Identification of Staphylococcus Isolates in Clinical Samples
		Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal Infections
	18.2 General Characteristics of the Streptococci and Related Genera
		Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes
		Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae
		Group D Enterococci and Groups C and G Streptococci
		Laboratory Identification Techniques
		Treatment and Prevention of Group A, B, and D Streptococcal Infections
		Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group
		Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Pneumococcus
	18.3 The Family Neisseriaceae: Gram-Negative Cocci
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Gonococcus
		Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus
		Differentiating Pathogenic from Nonpathogenic Neisseria
		Other Genera of Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli
19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance
	19.1 Medically Important Gram-Positive Bacilli
	19.2 Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli
		General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus
		The Genus Clostridium
	19.3 Gram-Positive Regular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli
		An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes
		Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A Zoonotic Pathogen
	19.4 Gram-Positive Irregular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		The Genus Propionibacterium
	19.5 Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Tubercle Bacillus
		Mycobacterium leprae: The Leprosy Bacillus
		Infections by Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM)
	19.6 Actinomycetes: Filamentous Bacilli
		Actinomycosis
		Nocardiosis
20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance
	20.1 Aerobic Gram-Negative Nonenteric Bacilli
		Pseudomonas: The Pseudomonads
	20.2 Related Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods
		Brucella and Brucellosis
		Francisella tularensis and Tularemia
		Bordetella pertussis and Relatives
		Legionella and Legionellosis
	20.3 Identification and Differential Characteristics of Family Enterobacteriaceae
		Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors
	20.4 Coliform Organisms and Diseases
		Escherichia coli: The Most Prevalent Enteric Bacillus
		Miscellaneous Infections
		Other Coliforms
	20.5 Noncoliform Enterics
		Opportunists: Proteus and Its Relatives
		True Enteric Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella
		Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague
		Oxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogens in Family Pasteurellaceae
		Haemophilus: The Blood-Loving Bacilli
21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease
	21.1 The Spirochetes
		Treponemes: Members of the Genus Treponema
		Leptospira and Leptospirosis
		Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes
	21.2 Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria and Enteric Diseases
		The Biology of Vibrio cholerae
		Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: Pathogens Carried by Seafood
		Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios
		Helicobacter pylori: Gastric Pathogen
	21.3 Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology
		Order Rickettsiales
		Specific Rickettsioses
		Emerging Rickettsioses
		Coxiella and Bartonella: Other Vector-Borne Pathogens
		Other Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae
	21.4 Mollicutes and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
		Biological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas
		Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls
	21.5 Bacteria in Dental Disease
		The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues
		Hard-Tissue Disease: Dental Caries
		Plaque and Dental Caries Formation
		Soft-Tissue and Periodontal Disease
		Factors in Dental Disease
22 The Fungi of Medical Importance
	22.1 Fungi as Infectious Agents
		Primary or True Fungal Pathogens
		Emerging Fungal Pathogens
		Epidemiology of the Mycoses
		Pathogenesis of the Fungi
		Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections
		Control of Mycotic Infections
	22.2 Organization of Fungal Diseases
		Systemic Infections by True Pathogens
	22.3 Subcutaneous Mycoses
		The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener’s Disease
		Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases of Pigmented Fungi
		Mycetoma: A Complex Disfiguring Syndrome
	22.4 Cutaneous Mycoses
		Characteristics of Dermatophytes
	22.5 Superficial Mycoses
	22.6 Opportunistic Mycoses
		Infections by Candida: Candidiasis
		Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcosis
		Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci and Pneumocystis Pneumonia
		Aspergillosis: Diseases of the Genus Aspergillus
		Zygomycosis
		Miscellaneous Opportunists
	22.7 Fungal Allergies and Intoxications
23 The Parasites of Medical Importance
	23.1 The Parasites of Humans
	23.2 Major Protozoan Pathogens
		Infective Amoebas
		The Intestinal Ciliate: Balantidium coli
	23.3 The Flagellates (Mastigophorans)
		Trichomonads: Trichomonas Species
		Giardia intestinalis and Giardiasis
		Hemoflagellates: Vector-Borne Blood Parasites
	23.4 Apicomplexan Parasites
		Plasmodium: The Agent of Malaria
		Coccidian Parasites
	23.5 A Survey of Helminth Parasites
		General Life and Transmission Cycles
		General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases
		Pathology of Helminth Infestation
		Elements of Diagnosis and Control
	23.6 Nematode (Roundworm) Infestations
		Intestinal Nematodes (Cycle A)
		Intestinal Helminths (Cycle B)
		Tissue Nematodes
	23.7 Flatworms: The Trematodes and Cestodes
		Blood Flukes: Schistosomes (Cycle D)
		Liver and Lung Flukes (Cycle D)
		Cestode (Tapeworm) Infections (Cycle C)
	23.8 The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease
24 Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses
	24.1 Viruses in Human Infections and Diseases
		Important Medical Considerations in Viral Diseases
		Overview of DNA Viruses
	24.2 Enveloped DNA Viruses: Poxviruses
		Classification and Structure of Poxviruses
		Other Poxvirus Diseases
	24.3 Enveloped DNA Viruses: The Herpesviruses
		General Properties of Herpes Simplex Viruses
		Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex
		The Spectrum of Herpes Infection and Disease
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Herpes Simplex
		The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus
		The Cytomegalovirus Group
		Epstein-Barr Virus
		Diseases of Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
	24.4 The Viral Agents of Hepatitis
		Hepatitis B Virus and Disease
	24.5 Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
		The Adenoviruses
		Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses
		Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: The Parvoviruses
25 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans
	25.1 Enveloped Segmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
		The Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza
		Other Viruses with a Segmented Genome: Bunyaviruses and Arenaviruses
	25.2 Enveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
		Paramyxoviruses
		Rhabdoviruses
	25.3 Other Enveloped RNA Viruses: Coronaviruses, Togaviruses, and Flaviviruses
		Coronaviruses
		Rubivirus: The Agent of Rubella
		Hepatitis C Virus
	25.4 Arboviruses: Viruses Spread by Arthropod Vectors
		Epidemiology of Arbovirus Disease
		General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Arbovirus Infection
	25.5 Retroviruses and Human Diseases
		HIV Infection and AIDS
		Causative Agent
		Epidemiology of HIV Infection
		Stages, Signs, and Symptoms of HIV Infection and AIDS
		Diagnosis of HIV Infection
		Preventing HIV Infection
		Treating HIV Infection and AIDS
		Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses
	25.6 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded and Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
		Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses
		Reoviruses: Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
	25.7 Prions and Spongiform Encephalopathies
		Pathogenesis and Effects of CJD
		Transmission and Epidemiology
		Culture and Diagnosis
		Prevention and/or Treatment
26 Environmental Microbiology
	26.1 Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life
		The Organization of Ecosystems
	26.2 Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems
		Ecological Interactions between Organisms in a Community
	26.3 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements
		Atmospheric Cycles
		Sedimentary Cycles
	26.4 Terrestrial Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere
		Living Activities in Soil
	26.5 The Microbiology of the Hydrosphere
		The Hydrologic Cycle
		The Structure of Aquatic Ecosystems
27 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
	27.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
		Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment
	27.2 The Microbiology of Food
	27.3 Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants
		Bread Making
		Production of Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverages
		Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products
		Microorganisms as Food
	27.4 Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases
		Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage
	27.5 General Concepts in Industrial Microbiology
		From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories
		Substance Production
APPENDICES
	APPENDIX A
	APPENDIX B
	APPENDIX C
	APPENDIX D
	APPENDIX E
	F Answers to Multiple-Choice, Matching, and
Case File Questions
Glossary
Credits
INDEX
Inside Back Cover (Reference Pages)