Foundations for global health practice

Foundations for Global Health Practice
Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Preface
About the Author
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I Global Health Concepts
	1 Developing a Global Perspective
		Sharing Perspectives in a Diverse Learning Community
		Sources of Global Health Information
			Health Statistics
			Peer-Reviewed Academic Literature
			Primary Source Documents
			The Gray Literature
			Newspapers, Magazines, Books, and Films
		Literature and the Arts
			Fiction
			Visual Arts, Poetry, and Music
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		References
	2 What Is Global Health?
		Global Health: An Evolving Concept
			Global Health Is Not Limited to Activities of the Health Sector and Provision of Health Care Services
			Global Health Is Not Just the Absence of Disease
			Global Health Challenges and Opportunities Are Not Limited to Lower-Income Countries
			Global Health Is Not a One-Way Street
			What Does the “Global” in Global Health Mean?
			Is Global Health a Discipline? Where Can It Be Studied?
		Definitions of Global Health
			One Health
			Planetary Health: Vital Signs to Guide Global Health and Development
		What Are the Challenges to Human Health?
		Measuring Global Health Status
			Mortality and Morbidity
			Communicable Disease, Non-Communicable Disease, and Injury
			Global Health Transitions and Disease Burden
			Risk Factors
		Social Determinants of Health and the Social-Ecological Model
			The Social Determinants of Health
			Social-Ecological Model
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		References
	3 Global Health Care Systems and Universal Health Care
		Health Systems and How They Work
			The WHO Building Blocks
			The Flagship Framework
			The Health in Transition Template
		Universal Health Care
			Beveridge, Bismarck, and Universal Health Care
			Universal Health Care and Low-Income Countries: Lessons for All
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		References
	4 Global Health Policy and the Sustainable Development Goals
		From Alma-Ata to the Millennium Development Goals
			The Declaration of Alma-Ata, 1978
			The Alma-Ata Approach: Comprehensive Primary Health Care
			Selective Primary Health Care, 1979
			The Millennium Development Goals, 2000
			Health in All Policies
		The Sustainable Development Goals
			SDG 3: Healthy Lives
			Health as an Integral Part of the SDG Agenda
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Exercise: Young Leaders Speak Out
		Review Questions
		References
	5 Global Health Challenges for the 21st Century
		What Is the Global Burden of Disease?
			The History of the Global Burden of Disease Study
		How to Access and Use GBD Findings
			Methods of Estimating Disease Burden
			Data Sources
			Life Expectancy
			Mortality
			Years of Life Lost
			Years Lived with Disability
			Disability-Adjusted Life Years
			Risks
		Main Findings from the GBD Study
			People in the World Are Living Longer Lives, and Death Rates Are Declining
			Mortality for Mothers and Young Children Is Going Down
			The Burdens of Communicable and Neglected Tropical Diseases Are Declining
			Causes of Disease Burden Are Shifting from Communicable to Non-Communicable Diseases
			Development Is Driving Changes in the Risk Factors That Cause Disease Burden
			Despite Gains, Health Is Distributed Unequally
			GBD Will Help Measure Progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
		Using the GBD to Inform Health Policy in the Coming Years
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Suggested Reading
		References
	6 The Right to Health and a Framework Convention on Global Health
		The Right to Health
		A Framework Convention on Global Health
			The FCGH and Global Health Policy
			The FCGH Focus on Governance
		Precedents and Examples of Governance for Global Health
			The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
			The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
			Emerging Infectious Diseases
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Suggested Reading
		References
	7 Global Mental Health, Behavioral Medicine, and Wellness
		Defining Global Mental Health, Behavioral Medicine, and Wellness
		Burden of Illness and the Treatment Gap: The Need for Integration
		Gaps in Governance, Policies, and Financing: The Need for Systems
		Strategies for Program Design and Sustained Service Delivery: The Need to Strengthen Existing Health Systems
		Global Health Worker Wellness: The Need for Professional and Personal Development
		Conclusion
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		References
	8 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Health
		Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Contextual Considerations
			Four Components of Effective Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Systems
			Diseases Associated with Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
			Historic and Current Efforts Surrounding Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
			Current Challenges Facing Water and Sanitation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Suggested Reading
		References
	9 Food, Agriculture, and Nutrition
		Global Food System, Local Solutions
		The Farm Spectrum
			Historical Context
			Our Bodies Need Food: Nutrition Basics
		Introduction to Food Security
			Food Security Defined
			Elusive Food Stability
		Waste and Wealth
		Agricultural Technology and Public Health
		Sustainability and Equity: Highlights from Successful Programs
			4R Nutrient Stewardship and Field to Market
			One Acre Fund
			World Food Program/Brazilian National School Feeding Program
			Gardens for Health International (GFI)
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Exercise: Thinking Critically about Genetically Engineered Crops
		Suggested Reading
		References
	10 Climate and Health
		What Is Climate Change?
		Public Health Risks of Climate Change
			Temperature Extremes
			Rising Seas
			Natural Disasters
			Food Production
			Air Quality
			Infectious Disease
			Mental Health
			War, Refugees, and Population Displacement
		Public Health Responses to Climate Change
			Mitigation, Adaptation, and Health Cobenefits
			Climate Change Policy
			International Efforts
			Who Feels the Impact? Ethical and Moral Considerations
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		References
	11 Information Communication Technology and Health
		The Landscape
			Telemedicine
			Digital Health or Connected Health
			mHealth
		Considerations
		Conclusion
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		References
	12 Scaling Up in Global Health
		What Is Scale-Up?
			Definition and Overview of Types of Scale-Up
			Phases of Scale-Up
		The Story of BRAC: Experiences in Successfully Scaling Up Public Health Programs
			What Is BRAC?
			Oral Therapy Extension Program
			Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health Interventions
			Tuberculosis Directly Observed Treatment Short Course Program
		Engaging in Global Health Practice with Scale in Mind
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		References
Part II Global Health Practice
	13 Global Health Experiences
		Global Health Experiences: A Focus on Learning
		Types of Global Health Experiences
			Short-Term Group Immersion Experience with an Instructor (Field Course)
			Mentored Independent Experience for Individuals or Small Teams (Internship)
			Study Abroad with a Focus on Community Engagement
			Making the Local to Global Connection
			Global Engagement and Experiential Learning from a Distance
			Social Impact Venture/Competition Courses
			Conferences
			Postgraduate Fellowship or Service
			Volunteering for Experiential Learning and Service
		Applying for and Funding Global Health Experiences
			Writing a Query or Letter of Introduction
			Funding Your Global Health Experience
		Chapter Summary
		Activity: Develop a Country Profile
		Key Terms
		Suggested Reading and Resources
		References
	14 Global Health Competencies for the Health Sciences
		Background
		Levels of Experience and Training
		Timing of Experience
		Scope of Practice
		Additional Competencies
		Chapter Summary
		Case Study for Group Discussion
		Key Terms
		Suggested Resources
		References
	15 Working with Communities
		Community-Based Participatory Research: Core Concepts
			Defining CBPR
			Service-Learning and CBPR
			Key Principles of CBPR for Global Health Experiences
		Insights for CBPR Practice: A Case Study from Ecuador
			Strengths and Positive Outcomes
			Challenges, Missteps, and Missed Opportunities
			Failure in Success and Success in Failure
		CBPR Methods and Global Health: A Mixed-Methods Approach
			Informant Interviews
			Surveys
			Group Interviews
			Community Mapping
			The Walk-Along
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		References
	16 Transformative Engagement and Leadership for Global Health
		A Framework for Transformative Leadership
		Three Lenses of Reflection and Discernment
		Historical and Cultural Context of Your Leadership
		Centrality of Relationship
		Skills of Transformative Engagement and Leadership
			Leading with Vision and Values
			Pursuing Deep Listening and Meaningful Connection
		Practicing Transformative Engagement and Leadership: A Three-Part Exercise
			Reflecting on the Experience
			Vision and Values Activity
			Listening and Connection Activity
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Suggested Reading
		References
	17 Guidelines for Planning a Global Health Learning Experience
		Elements of a Global Health Field Course
			Course Leadership
			Place-Based Knowledge and Preparation
			Pre-Departure Training on Cultural Competency, Privilege, Power Dynamics, and Representation
			Learning before Doing
			Listening and Reflecting
			Respectful Engagement Driven by the Community
		Case Example: Nepal Global Field Course
			Field Course Learning Objectives
			Field Course Partnership Principles
			Field Course Itinerary
			Field Course Activities and Reflections
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Suggested Reading
	18 Navigating Global Health for Student Organizations
		Students as Global Health Partners
		Student Organizations and Harnessing the Power of Partnership
		Structures of Accountability
		Chapter Summary
		Review Questions
		Key Terms
		Recommended Reading
		References
	19 Planning for Health and Safety
		Before You Go
			Passport and Visa
			Travel Warnings
			Travel Medicine
			Health Insurance
		While You Are There
			Society and Community
			Mosquitoes and Animals
			Food and Water
			Sanitation
			Transportation
			Nightlife
			Psychosocial Health and Wellness
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Discussion and Practice Assignment
		Suggested Reading
		References
	20 Global Health Professional Skills and Careers
		What Are the Various Careers in Global Health?
		What Does Success Look Like?
		What Are Employers Looking For?
		How to Build Your Skills for the Road Ahead
		Chapter Summary
		Discussion Questions
		Activity: Skills Inventory
		Key Terms
		Suggested Reading
		References
Part III Global Health Perspectives
	21 So You Want to Save the World? First, You’ve Got to Know It
		References
	22 Since You Asked
		Honduras
		Nicaragua
		Guatemala
		Your First Global Health Experience
	23 Leadership Lessons from the Last Mile
		Walking “the Last Mile” with Daisy Duarte in Mozambique
		Leadership Lessons
		Recommended Reading
	24 How Global Health Identity Politics Harms Local Communities
		Ebola Orphans in Africa Do Not Need Saviors
		What It Means to Be an Orphan
		Rethinking How to Provide Aid
		Community versus Institution
		Implications for the Future
		References
	25 Gender and Community Well-Being
		Come on a Journey to Lunga Lunga
		The Situation upon Arrival
		Women as Agents
		What Can Be Done?
		What Happened: The Surface and the Layers
		A Model to Replicate: Health by All Means
		Key Terms
		Recommended Reading
		References
	26 Strengthening Immunization Programs
		Herd Immunity and Immunization Goals
		Decision Making and Vaccine Hesitancy
		Vaccine Access
		Vaccine Development
		Suggested Reading
		References
	27 HIV: US to Global Perspectives
		HIV Background
		Strategies for Ending HIV
		Working in HIV Globally and Locally
		Suggested Reading
		References
	28 Tuberculosis and the Long and Winding Road toward a Global Health Career
		Recommended Reading
		References
	29 Linking Research to Applied Field Work
		From Basic to Applied Research: The Public Health Laboratory Scientist
		Public Health Laboratory in a Resource-Limited Setting
		Conclusion
		Recommended Reading
		References
	30 A Call to Surgeons to Advance Global Health
		Addressing the Surgical Workforce Shortage
			Ethics and Professionalism in Global Surgery Education
			Another Task for Surgeons: Advocacy
		The Way Forward: Partnerships
		Recommended Reading
		References
	31 Stories and Balance
		Devastating Impacts
		Balance
		Recommended Reading
		References
	32 The Global Burden of Avoidable Childhood Blindness
		Discussion Questions
		Recommended Reading
		References
	33 Global Health Nursing
		Global Perspective of Nursing
		Contributions
		Challenges
		Resources
		Insights
		Reflective Questions
		Suggested Reading
		References
	34 Contributions of Pharmacists in Global Public Health
		Suggested Reading
		References
	35 Reflections and Stepping-Stones to a Career in Global Health
		Family and Values
		Medical School and Residency
		Early International Experience
		Negotiating Professional Responsibilities
		Stepping-Stones
	36 Global Health and Education
		Suggested Reading and Resources
			Education Rights
			Education and Health
			Education, Health, and Vulnerable Children
			Education and Gender
			Community Empowerment and the SDGs
			Video Resources
		References
	37 The Importance of Narrative to Global Health Research and Practice
		References
	38 The Urban Opportunity for Global Health
		Recommended Reading
		References
	39 Building Effective Health Systems in Transitional Societies
		Investments and Impacts in Health
		Successful Practices: Health Extension Workers in Ethiopia
		Successful Practices: Decentralization, Access, and Coordination in Rwanda
		Ongoing Efforts in South Sudan
		Lessons for South Sudan and Other Transitional Societies
		References
	40 Grand Challenges in Global Health and the Role of Universities
		Universities as Partners in Global Health
		The Consortium of Universities for Global Health
		A Triple Challenge
		Addressing the Neglected Foundation of Development
		Priorities for Action
			Action for Government and Society
			Action for Trainees in Global Health
			Action for Academic Institutions
		Conclusion
		References
Glossary
Index
EULA