Foundations and Opportunities of Biometrics: An Introduction to Technology, Applications, and Responsibilities

Table of Contents
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I: Laying the Foundation
	Chapter 1: The Growing Use of Biometrics
		Biometrics in Film and Literature
			Fingerprint Analysis
			Facial Recognition
			Voice Identification and Analysis
			Iris and Retina Scan
		First Uses of Biometrics
			Early Historical Use
			Use in Recent History
		Biometrics in Our Lives Today
			Where We Encounter Biometrics
			Cameras in Public Spaces
				Purpose of Cameras in Public Spaces
			Personal Devices
			Biometrics at Home
				Video-Enabled Doorbells
				Smart Devices
		How Biometrics Became So Ubiquitous
			It Starts with the Sensors
			Processing Power Is More Readily Available
			Bandwidth and Connectivity
		Summary
	Chapter 2: What Are Biometrics?
		What Is Biometric Data?
		Traits and Features
		What Is Biometric Data Used For?
			Types of Problems Solved Using Biometrics
				Who Are You?
					One to One Matching
					One to Many
					Many to One
				How Are You?
					Personal Record Keeping
					Medical Analysis
					Sentiment Analysis
				Are You Real?
			Identifying the Problem Being Addressed
		The Journey of Biometric Data
			Signal Acquisition (Collection)
			Signal Processing and Feature Extraction
			Data Storage
			Comparison and Matching
			Decision-Making
			Action
			Adaption
		Summary
	Chapter 3: Adversarial Behavior—Attack and Defense
		Attacks—Bad Actions
			Make Bad Actions More Expensive
				Time—Expertise—Equipment
			General Types of Attacks
			Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Attack Biometrics
		Examples of Attacks Against Biometrics
			Stolen Biometric Data
			Artificially Created Information
			Potential Future Threats
		Defense
			Layered Approach
			Liveness
			The Utopia to Keep Biometrics Secret
			Goal to Check for Liveness
				Unimodal
				Multimodal
			Active Liveness
			Passive Liveness
		Summary
Part II: Sources of Biometric Signals
	Chapter 4: Physiological Characteristics
		Fingerprints
			What Are They?
			What Are Some Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Fingerprints?
			In What Contexts Are They Used?
			How Does It Work?
			Interesting Details About Fingerprints
		Iris
			What Are They?
			In What Contexts Are They Used?
			How Does It Work?
			Interesting Details About Irises
		Retina
			What Are They?
			In What Contexts Are They Used?
			How Does It Work?
		DNA
			What Is It?
			In What Contexts Is It Used?
			How Does It Work?
			Interesting Details About DNA
		Summary
	Chapter 5: Variable Human Characteristics—Face
		What Characteristics Make the Face a Suitable Biometric Trait?
		In What Contexts Are They Used?
		How Does It Work?
		Strengths and Weaknesses of Facial biometrics
			Strengths of Facial Biometrics
			Weaknesses of Facial Biometrics
		Search Engines for Faces
			Face Search for Law Enforcement
			Face Search for Consumers
			Accuracy and False Positives
			Good Intentions
		Summary
	Chapter 6: Behavioral Characteristics
		Typing Patterns
			How Does It Work?
			In What Contexts Are They Used?
			Limitations
			Privacy and Legal Risks
		Walking Patterns/Gait Recognition
			How Does It Work?
			Limitations
			In What Contexts Are They Used?
		Other Movement and Behavior
			Detection of Device Possession Change
				Concept Drift
			Prevalence of Use
		Summary
	Chapter 7: Voice
		What Characteristics Make Voice a Suitable Biometric Trait?
		How Voice Is Captured
		Strengths and Weaknesses
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
		In What Contexts Are They Used?
		Smart Speakers
		Environmental Factors
		How Does the Aging Voice Impact Its Use as a Biometric Signal?
		Risks and Attack Methods
		Summary
Part III: Critical Analysis
	Chapter 8: How Do We Judge Accuracy?
		What Does It Mean to Be Correct?
		What Is an Error?
			Sensitivity
			Specificity
			Type I and Type II Errors
		Performance of Various Methods
			The Layers of Quality
			The Difficulty of Comparing Biometrics
			Fingerprint
			Voice Recognition
			Facial Recognition
		Summary
	Chapter 9: Challenges and Responsibilities
		Matching of Biometrics Is Probabilistic in Nature
		Consequences of Errors
			Identify the Risk of Getting It Wrong
				Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
				Decision Analysis/Decision Trees
				Statistical Significance and Confidence Intervals
				Monte Carlo Simulations
				Scenario Planning
		Are Biometrics the End of Privacy?
			It Depends
			Common Concerns About Privacy
			Situational Compartmentalization
		Racial Bias in Biometrics
			It’s Not Just the Technology
			Lack of Diversity in Training Data
			Consent to Collect Biometric Data for Training Purposes
		Accessibility
		Risks of Collecting and Storing Data
		Responsibilities
			Gather Informed Consent and Provide Transparency
			Prioritize Data Security and Privacy
			Ensure Accuracy
			Limit to Ethically Defensible Use
			Compliance and Legal Considerations
			Accountability and User Education
		Summary
	Chapter 10: Usability and Practicality
		How Usable Is the Product?
			Availability: Do People Have Access to the Technology They Need?
			Practicality
			Environment
				Let There Be Light (or Not)
				Noise
				Clothing
				Did You Know?
			Usability
				Every Terminal Is Different
				Using Common User Experience Patterns
				Example Scenario: Replace a PIN with a Fingerprint
		Intent
			Showing and Detecting Intent
				Unlocking a Smartphone
				Approving a Payment
			Difficulty of Showing and Assessing Intent
				Home Assistants with Displays
				Terminals with Face Recognition in Public Places
			Lack of Intent
			Reasonable Expectations
		Summary
Conclusion
	Laying the Foundation
	Sources of Biometrics
	Critical Analysis
	Implications and Recommendations
	Closing Remarks
Index