Formalizing Natural Languages: Applications to Natural Language Processing and Digital Humanities: 15th International Conference, NooJ 2021, Besançon, ... in Computer and Information Science)

Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Linguistic Formalization and Analysis
Tweaking NooJ’s Resources to Export Morpheme-Level or Intra-word Annotations
	Abstract
	1 Export Function in NooJ
	2 Exporting Morpheme Level Annotation: Challenges and Opportunities
	3 Tweaking Resources
		3.1 About the Experiment
		3.2 The Logic Behind the Tweaking
		3.3 Implementation
	4 Evaluation and Known Issues
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Intensive Comparisons of the PECO and PVCO Classes in Old French
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Humans
	3 Animals
		3.1 Quadrupeds
		3.2 Birds
		3.3 Fishes
		3.4 Snakes and Vermin
	4 Vegetables
	5 Inanimates
		5.1 Countable
		5.2 Uncountable
	6 Abstracts
	7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Lexicon-Grammar Tables for Modern Arabic Frozen Expressions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 The Lexicon-Grammar Approach
	4 Lexicon-Grammar Tables for Modern Arabic Frozen Expressions
		4.1 Overview of the Modern Arabic Frozen Expressions
		4.2 Lexicon-Grammar Tables for Modern Arabic Frozen Expressions
	5 Implementation
	6 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
NooJ Grammars for Italian Negation System and Sentiment Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodological Framework and Linguistic Pragmatic Universals
	3 How Negation is Constructed
	4 Negation in Italian
		4.1 A Remark on Italian Syntactic Negation
	5 Negation and Sentiment Analysis
	6 NooJ Grammars for Italian Negation System and Sentiment Analysis
	7 Conclusions: Further Possible Enhancements
	References
Syntactic Analysis of Sentences Containing Arabic Psychological Verbs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Syntactic Analysis of Arabic Sentence Containing Psychological Verb
		3.1 Simple Sentence Containing Arabic Psychological Verb
		3.2 Structure of the Simple Sentence Containing Arabic Psychological Verb
	4 Implementation in NooJ
	5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Formalizing Predicates for Discovery Under the Lexicon Grammar Framework
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Lexicon Grammar
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Verb Selection
		3.2 Lexicon Grammar Tables
		3.3 Developing Electronic Dictionaries
		3.4 Elaborating Computer-Generated Grammars
	4 Results and Conclusions
	References
Digital Humanities and Teaching
Who is to Blame for What? An Insight Within the French Yellow Vests’ Movement Through Dole’s Books of Grievances
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 France and Its Sociopolitical Context in 2018: The Yellow Vests’ Movement and the Books of Grievances
		2.1 A Brief Introduction to French Yellow Vests’ Movement
		2.2 The Characteristics of Dole’s Book of Grievances
	3 An Attempt to Model Blaming Someone for Something
		3.1 Wanted! Who Are the Culprits?
		3.2 What Are the Culprits Responsible for? Looking for a Pattern
		3.3 An Attempt to Design the Speech Act of Blame in Dole’s Book of Grievances
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sensitivity to Fake News: Reception Analysis with NooJ
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical and Methodological Framework
		2.1 Fake News and Media Literacy
		2.2 Ethos in Discourse
		2.3 Constitution of the Corpus and the Sub-corpus
	3 Reception Analysis
		3.1 Methodology and Lexicometric Discourse Analysis
		3.2 General Analysis of the Corpus
	4 Contrastive Analysis of the Corpus
		4.1 The Different Postures Integrated by the Students
	5 Conclusion
	References
Negation Usage in the Croatian Parliament
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Negation in Croatian
	3 Corpus Preparations
		3.1 Gender-Oriented Corpus
		3.2 Party-Oriented Corpus
		3.3 Time-Oriented Corpus
	4 Grammar
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Locating Traces of Subjectivity in Diplomatic Discourse: The Example of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The NooJ Approach
	3 Analyzing the Uses of “Euro-Words”
		3.1 Euroscepticisme vs. Anti-Européen
		3.2 Eurobéat (“Euro-Blissfully Naïve”) and Europhobie in Centrists’ Speeches
	4 Européaniser and Européanisation in Left-Wing Ministers’ Speeches
	5 Conclusions
	References
Construction of an Educational Game “VocabNooJ”
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Identification of Resources
		2.2 Building of Resources
		2.3 Playing Steps
	3 VocabNooJ Experimentation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Approach to the Automatic Treatment of Gerunds in Spanish and Quechua: A Pedagogical Application
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Project Background
		1.2 Why Do We Use NooJ?
	2 Considerations About the Quechua Gerunds
		2.1 Morphology of the Quechua Gerunds (QU)
	3 Considerations About the Spanish Gerunds
		3.1 Morphology of the Spanish Gerund
		3.2 Syntax of the Spanish Gerunds
	4 Conclusion
	References
Using NooJ to Formalize French Cooking Expressions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Purpose of Our Study: Expressions of Cooking Dishes
	3 Corpus
	4 Lexical Modeling of Data
	5 Choice of Extraction Software for Our Study
	6 Implementation of Lexical Data in NooJ
	7 Identification of Expressions [Nominal Group + à La/à l ’/ Au/aux + nom]
	8 Conclusion
	References
Natural Language Processing Applications
Paraphrasing Tool Using the NooJ Platform
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 The Segmentation
		3.2 Rules Identification
		3.3 Ressources Identification
		3.4 The Paraphrase Step
	4 Experimentation and Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Recognition and the Automatic Translation of Dative Verbs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Creation of a Bilingual French-Arabic Dictionary
	3 The Creation of Grammars for the Analysis and Recognition of Syntactic Patterns
	4 The Polysemy of Dative Verbs
	5 Conclusion
	References
From Laws and Decrees to a Legal Dictionary
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Extracting Terms from Texts
	3 The Legal Field
	4 The Legal Dictionary
		4.1 The Constitution of the Legal Corpus
		4.2 Extracting the Legal Entities
		4.3 Lemmatization of Legal Entities
		4.4 Inflectional and Derivational Morphology
		4.5 Conceptualization
		4.6 The Construction of the Legal Dictionary
	5 Experimentation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Detection and Generation of Argument Structures Within the Medical Domain
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Theoretical Framework
		2.1 Automatic Data Extraction
		2.2 Lexicon Grammar
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Preparation of LG Tables for Medical Domain Predicates
		3.2 Construction of Electronic Dictionaries
		3.3 Construction of Grammars
	4 Results
	5 Final Discussion
	References
Meaning Extraction from Strappare Causatives in Italian
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Participants and Cognate Semantic Roles
	3 Suppletion: N1 Has no Verbal Counterpart
	4 N1 is a Number
	5 Inversion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Terms and Appositions: What Unstructured Texts Tell Us
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Experiment
	5 Results and Evaluation
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	Acknowledgments
	References
Automatic Generation of Intonation Marks and Prosodic Segmentation for Belarusian NooJ Module
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Syntagmas in the Belarusian Language
	3 An Algorithm for Dividing Texts into Syntagmas
	4 Formal Rules for Extracting Semantic Grammars
	5 Application of Formal Grammars in NooJ
	6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index