Forkhead FOXO Transcription Factors in Development and Disease

Cell Fate in Mammalian Development
	Series Page
	Copyright
	Contributors
	Introduction
	Cell Polarity-Dependent Regulation of Cell Allocation and the First Lineage Specification in the Preimplanta ...
		Introduction
			Models for Early Lineage Specification in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo
				The Inside-Outside Model
				The Cell Polarity Model
		Compaction and Polarization: Two Key Morphogenetic Events Influencing the Formation of Outer/Inner Cells
		Asymmetric Division and the Establishment of the Outer/Inner Configuration of Polar/Apolar Cells
		Activation of Lineage-Specific Genetic Programs in the Outer/Inner Cells to Form the TE and ICM Lineages
		How Do the Cells Within the Embryo Sense Their Position to Properly Regulate Hippo Signaling?
		Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Cell Fate Decisions During Preimplantation Mammalian Development
		Introduction
		Gene Knockouts Pave the Way to Understand Cell Fate Decisions
		Different Patterns of TF Expression Levels
		Gene Expression Dynamics
		TF Intracellular Transport Dynamics
		TF Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Shuttling in Embryos
		Cell-to-Cell Variability in the Early Embryo
		TF-DNA Binding Dynamics in the Embryo
		Epigenetic Regulation
		Additional Levels of Gene Regulation
		How Gene Regulation Impacts on Cell Shape and Position
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Our First Choice: Cellular and Genetic Underpinnings of Trophectoderm Identity and Differentiation in the M ...
		Heterogeneity Emergence in the Mouse Embryo
		The TE Gene Regulatory Network
		Establishment of TE Fate
		Plasticity During Lineage Segregation
		Recapitulating TE Identity in Culture
		TE Derivatives and Their Role in the Postimplantation Embryo
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Primitive Endoderm Differentiation: From Specification to Epithelialization
		Introduction
		Generation of Trophectoderm and Inner Cell Mass Cell Lineages
		Regulation of the Epi/PrE Specification
		Mechanism for Salt and Pepper Pattern Propagation
		Induction of Epi/PrE Specification
		PrE Maturation Through the FGF Pathway
		Other Signaling Pathways Involved in PrE Maturation and Maintenance
		Cell Sorting and PrE Epithelialization at the Late Blastocyst Stage
		The PrE Derivatives: The Visceral and the Parietal Endoderm
		Conclusion
		References
	The Regulative Nature of Mammalian Embryos
		Introduction
		Blastomere Potency to Give Rise to the Whole Organism
			Compensation for the Loss: Embryo Splitting as a Proof of Totipotency and Plasticity of Blastomeres
			Monozygotic Multiplets: Proof of Totipotency of Blastomeres in Nature
		Blastomeres of the Cleaving Embryo-Morphologically Identical, yet Molecularly Distinct
		Potency of Blastomeres to Multilineage Differentiation
			Complementation Experiments and Blastomere Potency
			The Disaggregation-Reaggregation Approach and Blastomere Potency
			Isolation of ICM as a Test of Its Potency to Regenerate TE
			Various Ways to Study Potency of Human Blastomeres
		Potency of Blastomeres to Generate Chimeras: Breaking Interspecies Barriers
			Naturally Occurring Mammalian Chimeras
		ESCs-An in vitro Reflection of Embryonic Plasticity and Potency
		Mechanisms Underlying Plasticity of Blastomeres and Embryos
			The First Cell Fate Decision: The Central Role of Hippo Signaling Pathway
			The Second Cell Fate Decision: The Role of Fgf4/Map Kinase Signaling Pathway
			The Transition From Totipotency to Pluripotency
		From Theory to Practice: Potential and Real Benefits of Embryo Plasticity
		Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	States and Origins of Mammalian Embryonic Pluripotency In Vivo and in a Dish
		Derivation and Characterization of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
		Alternative Stem Cell States
		Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines From Nonrodent Mammals: Common and Divergent Properties
		Use of Chimeras to Determine Naïve State: Successes and Limitations
		Properties of Blastocysts From Different Species: Morphological and Transcriptional Overlap and Divergence
		Overcoming Developmental Progression to Promote Epiblast Self-renewal
		The Pig as a Model System for Human Development
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Capturing and Interconverting Embryonic Cell Fates in a Dish
		Introduction
		Mechanisms Repressing TS Cell Fate in ES Cells
		Reprogramming and the TS Cell Lineage Barrier
		Mechanisms Repressing XEN Cell Fate in ES Cells
		Cell-Intrinsic Repression of XEN Cell Fate in Pluripotent Cells
		Reprogramming Somatic Cells to XEN-Like Cells
		In Search of a Totipotent Cell Line
		Acknowledgments
		References
	From Germline to Soma: Epigenetic Dynamics in the Mouse Preimplantation Embryo
		Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition
		Epigenetics
			DNA Methylation
				DNA Methylation Dynamics: Easy Come-Easy Go?
				DNA Methylation Dynamics in the Early Embryo
				What Is Going on?
				Maintenance in the Light of Reprogramming: Imprinting and Beyond
			Histone Modifications
				Chromatin States and Changes in Germ Cells and Early Embryos
				H3K27me3
				H3K4me3
				H3K9me3
				Other Histone Marks and Their Dynamic Changes
				Functional Analysis of Histone Marks Through Effector Manipulations
		Coda
		References
	Pre-gastrula Development of Non-eutherian Mammals
		Introduction
			The Evolution of Amniote Development
			Oviparity to Viviparity in Mammals
			Mammalian Phylogeny and Model Species
		Overview of Monotreme Development
			Early Monotreme Development
			Fetal Membranes and Placentation
		Overview of Marsupial Development
			From Ovulation to Birth
			Cleavage and Deutoplasmolysis
		Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation
			Terms and Definitions
			Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Monotremes
			Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Marsupials
			The Evolution of Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Mammals
		Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation
			Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Eutherians
			Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Monotremes
			Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Marsupials
		Axes and Asymmetry
			Embryonic-Abembryonic (Dorsoventral) Axis
			Anteroposterior Axis
		Discussion: Homologies Among Vertebrates in Lineage Specification and Regulation of Potency
			Glossary
		References
	Pre-implantation Development of Domestic Animals
		Introduction
		Timing of Preimplantation Development
		Embryonic Genome Activation
		Metabolic Requirements of Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos
		First Cell Fate Decision-Specification of Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm
		Specification of Epiblast and Hypoblast in Mammalian Blastocyst
		FGF/MEK Pathway in Specification of Epiblast and Hypoblast
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Human Pre-gastrulation Development
		Stages of Preimplantation Development
			Fertilization and Cleavage
			Blastulation and Implantation
		Regulating Gene Expression During Human Preimplantation Development
			Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
			Activating Embryonic Gene Expression
			Lineage-Specific Gene Expression Patterns
			The Role of Extracellular Signaling Networks
		Modeling Human Pregastrulation Development In Vitro
			Stem Cell Lines From Preimplantation Embryos
			In Vitro Implantation Models
		Conclusions
		References
	The Mitochondria and the Regulation of Cell Fitness During Early Mammalian Development
		Introduction
		Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Shape in the Early Embryo
		Mitochondrial DNA and Selection for Optimal Mitochondrial Performance
		Mitochondrial Metabolism in Early Embryogenesis
			Oxidative Phosphorylation
			OXPHOS-Independent Roles of Mitochondrial Metabolites
			Impact of the Mitochondria on the Maintenance of the Reducing/Oxidizing (Redox) Balance
		Mitochondrial Control of Apoptotic Cell Death During Early Embryogenesis
			Regulation of Apoptotic Response
			Importance of Mitochondrial-Induced Apoptosis in the Early Embryo
		Concluding Remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
	The Head´s Tale: Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation in the Mouse Embryo
		Introduction: Formation of the Egg Cylinder
		Signaling Centers That Pattern the Epiblast
			Extraembryonic Ectoderm
			Posterior Visceral Endoderm
		The Role of the AVE in A-P Axis Formation
		The Formation of the DVE
		What Controls the Direction of AVE Cell Migration?
		What Is the Mechanism of AVE Cell Migration?
		Conclusion
		References
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