Forensic Odontology: An Essential Guide

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
List of contributors......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.2 Forensic odontology in the 21st century......Page 21
1.3 Training and experience......Page 22
1.5 References......Page 24
2.1 Early tooth development......Page 27
2.2 Later tooth development......Page 31
2.3 Dentinogenesis......Page 32
2.4 Tooth root formation......Page 34
2.5 Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions in tooth development......Page 35
2.6 Amelogenesis......Page 37
2.7 Biomineralisation of enamel......Page 38
2.8 Further reading......Page 39
3.2.1 What is evidence?......Page 41
3.2.2 What is expert evidence?......Page 42
3.2.4 The expert witness\'s role in court proceedings......Page 43
3.3.2 Which rules apply?......Page 44
3.3.3 Key differences between the procedural regimes......Page 45
3.4.1 The Ikarian Reefer......Page 46
3.4.3 The particular duties......Page 47
3.5 Report writing......Page 48
3.5.1 The content of an expert\'s report......Page 49
3.5.2 Drafting your reports: Some suggestions......Page 50
3.5.3 The required declarations......Page 52
3.6 Giving evidence at court......Page 54
3.6.1 The process of giving evidence......Page 55
3.6.2 Questioning......Page 56
3.6.3 Addressing the court......Page 58
3.7.1 Written questions to experts......Page 59
3.7.2 Experts\' meetings and `hot tubbing\'......Page 60
3.7.4 Acting as a single joint expert......Page 61
3.7.6 Keeping up to date......Page 62
3.8.1 Being sued for negligence......Page 63
3.8.2 Being reported for misconduct......Page 64
3.9 A final thought......Page 65
3.10 References......Page 66
4.1.2 Emergency mortuary......Page 67
4.2 The Human Tissue Act and the Human Tissue Authority......Page 68
4.3 Legal requirements for licence issue......Page 69
4.4.1 Mortuary layout......Page 70
4.5 The Anatomical Pathology Technologist......Page 72
4.5.2 Responsibilities of APTs......Page 73
4.6 The odontologist in the mortuary: Specialist resection techniques......Page 74
4.7 Health and safety in the mortuary......Page 75
4.7.1 Safe working practices......Page 76
4.7.2 Hygiene......Page 77
4.7.4 Cleaning and decontamination......Page 78
4.7.5 Waste disposal......Page 79
4.8 References......Page 80
5.1.1 Why is human identification necessary?......Page 83
5.1.2 Why comparative dental analysis?......Page 84
5.1.3 What if there is no presumptive identification?......Page 85
5.1.4 When does the forensic dentist `come on the scene\'?......Page 86
5.2.1 Post-mortem examination......Page 88
5.2.2 Incinerated remains......Page 95
5.2.3 Ante-mortem data collection......Page 96
5.2.4 Reconciliation: The comparative process......Page 98
5.2.5 Problems with comparative dental identification......Page 103
5.3 Radiography in dental identification......Page 105
5.3.1 Post-mortem radiography......Page 107
5.3.2 Ante-mortem radiographs......Page 109
5.4 Dental appliances in identification......Page 111
5.4.1 Dental models (casts)......Page 112
5.4.2 Palatal rugae......Page 113
5.4.3 Removable appliances......Page 114
5.4.4 Denture marking......Page 115
5.4.6 Fixed prostheses......Page 117
5.5 Dental profiling......Page 118
5.5.2 Ethnicity......Page 119
5.5.4 Habits......Page 120
5.5.6 Fluorosis......Page 121
5.5.8 Isotope and trace element analysis......Page 123
5.5.10 Facial reconstruction......Page 124
5.6 Teeth as a source of DNA......Page 125
5.8 References......Page 128
6.1 Introduction......Page 135
6.2 Disaster management......Page 136
6.3 DVI planning......Page 137
6.4 DVI and the dentist......Page 138
6.5 The dental DVI team structure......Page 139
6.6 Documentation......Page 140
6.7 Retrieval of dental records......Page 143
6.8 Post-mortem dental examination......Page 145
6.9 Ante-mortem dental records......Page 147
6.10 Dental reconciliation......Page 148
6.11 Equipment for the dental DVI team......Page 150
6.13 References......Page 153
7.1 The importance of knowing age......Page 155
7.2 The chronological age......Page 156
7.3 The dental age......Page 157
7.4.2 Dental age assessment......Page 158
7.4.4 Accuracy of dental age estimation techniques......Page 159
7.4.5 Schemas of dental development......Page 163
7.5.1 Essentials......Page 164
7.5.2 Neonatal issues......Page 166
7.5.3 Infants from birth to 2 years......Page 167
7.5.4 Children and adolescents from 2 to 18 years......Page 168
7.6 Age assessment after tooth development......Page 169
7.6.2 Other markers......Page 170
7.7 Writing a dental age report......Page 171
7.9 References......Page 173
8.2.1 Dentition and mouth parts......Page 185
8.2.2 Skin......Page 187
8.2.3 Episode of contact......Page 189
8.3 Nature of the injury......Page 190
8.5.1 Distortion......Page 192
8.5.2 Uniqueness of the human dentition......Page 197
8.5.3 Representation of uniqueness......Page 198
8.5.4 Interpretation of representation of uniqueness......Page 200
8.6.1 Initial examination of the alleged/suspected bite mark......Page 202
8.6.2 Photography of the bite mark......Page 203
8.6.3 Dental examination of the suspect biter......Page 205
8.7.1 Biological comparison......Page 206
8.7.2 Physical comparison......Page 209
8.7.3 Principles of physical comparison......Page 210
8.7.4 Feature-based analysis......Page 212
8.8 Feature-based analysis conclusions......Page 218
8.8.3 Inclusion of the suspect......Page 219
8.9 Feature-based analysis report......Page 220
8.10 Limitations of bite mark analysis......Page 222
8.11 References......Page 225
9.2 Collection of evidence......Page 229
9.3 Assessment of the suspected bite mark injury......Page 230
9.5.2 Comparison with overlays and dental casts......Page 232
9.5.3 Conclusion......Page 235
9.5.4 Open and closed populations......Page 236
9.6 Bite mark reports and presentation of evidence to a court......Page 238
9.7 References......Page 239
10.2 The photography of bite marks......Page 241
10.3 Relevant equipment......Page 244
10.4 Digital image file formats......Page 249
10.5 Guidance for preparation of equipment for forensic photography......Page 252
10.6.1 Minimising image distortion......Page 253
10.6.2 Can distortion be corrected?......Page 257
10.6.4 Sequence of images when photographing a bite mark......Page 258
10.7 Photographing dentition......Page 259
10.7.2 Sequence of images for the dentition......Page 261
10.8 Image downloading and storage......Page 265
10.8.2 Storage of images......Page 267
10.9.1 Reflected ultraviolet and near-infrared......Page 268
10.9.2 Cross-polarised imaging......Page 271
10.10.1 Triangulation laser scanners (active)......Page 274
10.10.3 Structured light scanners (active)......Page 276
10.10.4 Stereophotogrammetry (passive or active)......Page 278
10.10.5 Other 3-dimensional devices......Page 280
10.10.6 3D versus 2D......Page 281
10.11.1 Examples of enhancement......Page 282
10.11.2 Published guidelines......Page 287
10.11.3 Case law......Page 289
10.12 References......Page 291
11.1 Introduction......Page 295
11.2 Bite marks and vulnerable people......Page 296
11.3.2 Defining dental neglect......Page 297
11.3.3 When is decay neglect?......Page 299
11.3.5 Identifying neglect in dental practice......Page 302
11.3.6 Responding to neglect in dental practice......Page 304
11.4 Legislative framework for child protection in the UK......Page 305
11.5.2 Confidentiality......Page 306
11.5.3 The Mental Capacity Act 2005......Page 307
11.6 Record keeping......Page 308
11.7 Summary chart......Page 310
11.9 References......Page 312
Index......Page 315
Supplemental Images......Page 324