Forensic Microscopy: Truth Under the Lenses

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgement
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Microscopy
	Introduction
	History of Microscopy
	The Different Microscopes
		The Simple/Hand-held Microscopes
		The Compound Microscope
		Brightfield Microscope
			Darkfield Microscope
		The Stereo Microscope
		The Comparison Microscope
		The Phase-contrast Microscope
		The Polarized Microscope
		The Fluorescence Microscope
		The Electron Microscope
			TEM
			SEM
		Atomic Force Microscope
			Optical System
			Mechanical System
	Terminology Used in Microscope
		Optical System
		Mechanical System
		Illumination System
	General Do’s & Don’ts
		Do’s
		Don’ts
	References
Chapter 2: Optical Components of a Light Microscope
	Introduction
	Modern Compound Light Microscope
	Illuminator
		Light Source
		Collector Lens
		Filters
		Neutral Density (ND) Filter
	Light Conditioner
	Condenser
		Types of Condenser
		Numerical Aperture
		Considerations While Using Condensers
	Specimen
		Slide Thickness
		Cover Glass Thickness
		Immersion Media
		Interaction of the Specimen with Light
	Objective
		Magnification
		Numerical Aperture
		Resolution
		Aberrations
		Light Transmission
		Optical Transfer Function
	Image Filter
Chapter 3: Introduction to Simple (Handheld) Microscopes
	Introduction
	Working of Lens
	Magnification
	Type of Lenses
	Various Forms of Handheld Microscope/Magnifier
	Applications
	Advantage and Disadvantage of Handheld Microscope
	References
Chapter 4: Forensic Applications of Simple (Handheld) Microscopes
	Introduction
	Sample Preparation
	Observation of Physical Evidence under Handheld Microscope
	Fingerprints
	Questioned Documents
	Hair
	Fibres/Thread/Fabric
	Paint
	Glass
	Gunshot Residue
	Bite Marks
	Conclusion
	Reference
Chapter 5: Introduction to Compound Microscope
	Introduction
	Principle
	Parts of Compound Microscope
	Types of Compound Microscopes
	The Working Mechanism of the Compound Microscope
	Handling of the Compound Microscope
	Magnification of the Compound Microscope
	Choice of Objectives and Eyepieces
	Advantages of the Compound Microscope:
	Disadvantages of the Compound Microscopes:
	Applications
	Precautions
	References
	Suggested Reading
Chapter 6: Forensic Applications of Compound Microscope
	Introduction
	Micrometry
	Procedure
	Sample Collection and Preservation Methods
	Sample preparation and observation for the examination of microscopic evidence
		Hair Sample
	General Examination of Hair
		Scale Casting of Hair Sample
		Permanent Mount
		Determination of Natural Fall or Pulled Out Hair from Skin and Sex Determination from Hair Root
		Fibres
	Microscopic Examination of Natural Textile Fibre
		Saliva/Saliva Stain
		Blood Sample
	Blood cell counting
		Semen Sample
		Vaginal Fluids
		Urine
		Insect’s Larvae
		Microorganism (Bacteria, Fungi and Yeast Cells)
	Sample Preparation for Microorganisms
	Staining Techniques
	Preparation of Gram Stains
	Procedure for Gram Staining
	Diatoms
		Sample Preparation for Diatom for Microscopic Examination
		Pollen Grains/Spores
		Fingerprint Pores
		Histology of Tissue
		Procedure
	Precaution (Do’s and Don’t)
		Do’s
		Don’ts
	References
Chapter 7: Introduction to Comparison Microscope
	Introduction
	Principle and Working Mechanism
	Different Parts of Microscope
	Applications
	Advantages
	Limitations
	Precautions
	References
Chapter 8: Forensic Applications of Comparison Microscope
	Introduction
	The Standard Operating Procedure
		Procedure
		Calibration
		Standardization
		Precautions
	Forensic Applications of Comparison Microscope
		Ballistics
	Impression Evidence
	Tool Marks
	Other Evidence
	DOs and DON’Ts
		DOs
		DON’Ts
	References
Chapter 9: Introduction to Fluorescence Microscope
	Introduction
		Principle
	Techniques in Fluorescence Microscopy
		Diascopic Fluorescence Microscopy
	Episcopic Fluorescence Microscopy
	Types
		Epifluorescence Microscopy
		Confocal Microscopy
	Typical Components of Fluorescence Microscope
		Fluorophores
		Light Source or Illuminator
		Filters
		Filter Cubes
		Excitation Filter
		Dichroic Mirror
		The Emission Filter
		Objective Lenses
	Working
	Applications
	Advantages
	Limitations
	Precautions
	Suggested Reading
Chapter 10: Forensic Application of Fluoroscence Microscope
	Introduction
	Safety Procedure
	Basic Steps of Slide Preparation
	Forensic Examination/Observation of the Various Evidence Under The Fluorescence Microscope (XRF)
		General Procedure
	Semen
		Sample Preparation
		Sample Preparation for XRF Analysis
	Fibre Examination
	Gun Shot Residue
	Paint Analysis
	Latent Fingerprint Detection and Examination
	Detection of Body Fluids with an Alternate Light Source
	Hair
	Bone and Teeth
	Drug of Abuse and Controlled Substances
	Questioned Document Examination
	Examination of Fake and Original Historical and Archaeological Artefacts and Paintings
	Soil Examination
	Advantages and Limitations
	Do’s and Don’ts/Precautions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Introduction to Stereo Microscope
	Introduction
	Working Principle
	Different Parts/Construction of the Microscope/Instrumentation
	Advantages and Limitations of Stereo Microscope
	General Applications
	Precautions
	References
Chapter 12: Forensic Applications of Stereomicroscope
	Introduction
	Working Principle & Parts of a Stereomicroscope
		Parts of Stereomicroscope
	Types of Stereomicroscope
		Greenough Stereomicroscope
		Common Main Objective (CMO) Stereomicroscope
		Greenough Vs CMO Stereomicroscopy
	Applications of Stereomicroscope in Forensic Science
		Hair Examination
		Fibre Examination
		Examinations in Forensic Palynology
		Examination of Questioned Documents
		Examination of the Fired Cartridge Cases and Bullets
		Examination of Paint Chips
		Examination of Tool Marks
		Fingerprint Examination
		Examination of Crystal Structure
	Advantage & Limitations of Using Stereomicroscope
		Advantages
		Disadvantages
	Precautions to Be Taken While Using a Stereomicroscope
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 13: Introduction to Polarized Light Microscope
	Introduction
	Different Parts
		Polarizer and Analyser
		Polarizing Objective (Strain-free Objective)
		Polarizing Condenser
		Polarizing Rotating Stage
		Bertrand Lens
		Centrable Revolving Nosepiece
		Eyepiece with Crosswire
		Compensator Plate
	Principle and Working
		Preparation of Sample
	Applications
	Advantages and Limitations
	Precautions
	References
Chapter 14: Forensic Applications of Polarized Microscope
	Introduction
	Sample Preparation
		Melt-recrystallization Technique of Sample Preparation
		Chemical Recrystallization
		Solvent Evaporation Technique of Sample Preparation
	Use of Polarizing Light Microscope in Forensics
		Glass
		Fibre
		Hair
		Soil
	Advantages
	Disadvantages
	Case Study
	Reference
Chapter 15: Introduction to Dark-Field Microscope
	Introduction
	Light Microscopy – Bright Field and Dark Field
	Creation of a Dark Field
	Condensers in Darkfield Microscopy
	Specimen Identification
	Advantages
	Disadvantages
	Precautions
	Applications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Forensic Applications of Dark Field Microscope
	Introduction
	Working Principle
	Sample Preparation
	Forensic Applications
		Blood
		Diatoms
		Insects
		Hair
		Body Fluids
		Spermatozoa
		Pollens
	Examination/Observation of Various Evidence
	Advantages and Limitations
		Advantages
		Limitations
		Do’s and Dont’s/Precautions
	References
Chapter 17: Introduction to Phase Contrast Microscope
	Introduction
	What is Phase Difference?
	Principle
	Construction, Parts and Working Mechanism of the Instrument
		Construction and Parts of a Microscope
		The Working Mechanism of the Instrument
	Applications
		General
		Forensics
		Other Phase-contrast based Microscopy Techniques
	Advantages and Limitations
		Advantages
		Limitations
	Conclusion
	References and Suggestive Readings
Chapter 18: Forensic Applications of Phase-Contrast Microscope
	Introduction
	Forensic Applications
		Teeth
		Glass
		Latent Fingerprints
		Biological Fluids
		Diatoms
	Sample Preparation
	Forensic Examination
	Advantages and Limitations
	Precautions
	References
Chapter 19: Introduction to Electron Microscopy
	Introduction
	Components of Electron Microscope
	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
		Construction of TEM
		Lens System
		Vacuum System
		Phosphor or Fluorescent Screen (Imaging Device)
		Imaging Methods
			Brightfield Imaging
			Darkfield Imaging
		Working of Transmission Electron Microscope
		Applications of TEM
	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
		Instrumentation of SEM
			Thermionic-Emission (TE) gun
			Field-Emission (FE) gun
			Schottky-Emission (SE) gun
		Working of SEM
		Applications of SEM
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 20: Forensic Applications of Electron Microscope
	Introduction
	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
		General Procedure for Sample Preparation for SEM (Figure 20.3):
		Coating the Non-conducting Samples with Gold/Palladium using SputterCoater:
		A brief description of the sputter coating procedure is shown in Figure 20.4.
	Forensic Applications of Scanning Electron Microscope
		Examination of Physical Materials
			Gunshot Residues
	Fibres
	Ballistics
	Paint
	Glass
	Detection of Forgery
		Examination of Biological Materials
			Hair
			Pollen Grains
			Red Blood Corpuscles
			Diatoms
	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
	Forensic Applications of Transmission Electron Microscope
	Particles/Trace Evidence/Nanomaterials
	Diatoms
	Precautions
	References
Chapter 21: Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy: Basic Concept and Applications
	Introduction
	Imaging Modes of AFM
		Force Distance Curve
		Molecular Recognition Imaging
		Multifrequency Imaging
		High-Speed Imaging in Real-Time
	Applications in Biology and Medicine
		AFM in Assessing Cell Adhesion and Cellular Mechanical Alterations
		AFM in Assessing Cell Morphology
		AFM in Evaluating the Molecular Recognition Ability of Cells
		Applications of AFM in Drug Discovery and Development
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 22: Forensic Applications of Atomic Force Microscope
	Introduction
	Sample Preparation
	General Instructions for Imaging
	Examination/Observation of the Various Evidence under the Microscope
		Age Estimation of Bloodstains
		Document Forgery
		Hair Analysis
		Diatom Test
		Fingerprint
		Gunshot Residues
		Explosive Detection
		Soil Sample Analysis
		Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Analysis
		Forensic Analysis of Fibre
	Advantages and Limitations
	Do’s and Don’ts/Precautions
	References
Chapter 23: Forensic Histopathology
	Introduction
	Objectives of Forensic Histopathology Practice
	Obtaining the Tissue at Autopsy
	Tissue Preparation for Examination
	Histological Stains
	Role of Immunohistochemistry
	Case Illustrations
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
		Case 5
		Case 6
		Case 7
		Case 8
	Conclusion
	References
Index