Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half-Century (Transformational Trends in Governance and Democracy)

Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy......Page 4
About the Academy......Page 3
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
The Merger of USAID and the Department of State......Page 18
Post–September 11 Developments......Page 20
The Nature of Foreign Aid......Page 22
A Mixed Record for Foreign Aid......Page 24
Searching for Direction......Page 26
Why Foreign Aid Fails......Page 30
The Potential for Success?......Page 32
References......Page 36
Part 1. Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Debates......Page 40
The Cold War......Page 42
The Post–Cold War Period......Page 44
The Global War on Terrorism......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 51
References......Page 52
3. Foreign Aid in the Twenty-First Century: What Purposes?......Page 54
Who Provides Aid?......Page 55
Why Aid in the New Century?......Page 59
The Organization of Aid Giving......Page 65
Aid Volume......Page 70
References......Page 74
A Strategy for Assisting Democratic Governance......Page 76
Governance and Development......Page 80
Making Democracy and Governance Assistance Effective......Page 82
Generating (and Assessing) Political Will......Page 84
Forging a Coherent, Consistent U.S. Posture......Page 90
National-Local Linkages......Page 91
Linking Supply and Demand for Political Reform......Page 93
Strategic Priorities for Assistance......Page 94
Conclusion......Page 99
References......Page 100
5. Foreign Aid in Comparative Perspective: Regime Dynamics and Donor Interests......Page 101
Recent Trends in Aid Flows......Page 103
Dynamics of the Aid Regime......Page 107
Donor Politics and Aid Policies......Page 111
Conclusion......Page 117
References......Page 119
Part 2. Case Studies in Foreign Aid......Page 122
The Nation-Building Challenge......Page 124
Rebuilding Governance and the LGP......Page 125
The Setting for Nation Building in Iraq......Page 126
LGP Implementation......Page 127
Conclusion: Limits and Lessons......Page 136
References......Page 141
7. Foreign Aid and South Asia: The Case of Pakistan......Page 144
Foreign Assistance Over Time......Page 145
The Future......Page 158
Notes......Page 159
References......Page 160
8. Donors, Public-Sector Reform, and Decentralization: Democracy and Civil Society in Ghana......Page 161
Local Governance: The Impact of History......Page 162
Decentralized Governance, Democracy, and Civil Society......Page 168
Civil Society and Democratic Governance......Page 177
Conclusion......Page 185
References......Page 186
9. Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed—and How toDo It Better Next Time......Page 188
Broader Context......Page 189
Foreign Aid Failure......Page 192
Haitian Governance Failure and Political Instability......Page 194
Donor Failures......Page 199
Lessons Learned......Page 210
Specific Programmatic Efforts......Page 219
Acknowledgments......Page 225
References......Page 226
10. USAID and Eastern Europe: Something Old, Something New......Page 229
Definitions......Page 230
Long Tradition in Support of Democracy......Page 232
Why Focus on Democracy Assistance?......Page 233
USAID and Democracy Assistance......Page 234
USAID and Eastern Europe......Page 236
Strategy for Assisting Democracy......Page 237
DemNet......Page 239
Assessing Democracy Assistance in Eastern Europe......Page 241
What Worked......Page 244
What Hasn’t Worked......Page 246
Doing It Differently......Page 248
Conclusion......Page 249
References......Page 250
11. Post-Millennium U.S. Aid for Africa: Reconciling Freedom and Security, Theirs and Ours......Page 252
Democracy as Antithetical to the Strengthening of Fragile States......Page 260
Democracy and the Strengthening of Fragile States: A Theoretical Rejoinder......Page 263
References......Page 274
Part 3. Organizational Dynamics andForeign Aid Policy......Page 276
The Transformation and Evolution of USFEA Organization......Page 278
Development and Development Assistance......Page 284
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and USAID......Page 285
Fading Support for the Comprehensive Approach in Development Assistance......Page 289
Transformation, Developing Countries, and Managing U.S. Interests......Page 294
Internal Organizational Changes in Program Management......Page 300
Coordination: Worldwide and within the United States......Page 309
Epilogue......Page 311
Acknowledgment......Page 315
References......Page 316
13. Higher Education, Capacity Building, and Aid: Lessons Learned......Page 317
The Historical Context......Page 318
The Vietnam Project......Page 319
South Asia, Leadership, and Rural Development......Page 323
The Microview: The Green Revolution......Page 324
The Macroview: University Linkages......Page 325
Lessons Learned......Page 327
References......Page 329
14. NGOs in the Foreign Aid System......Page 330
Setting the Stage: NGOs in the 1990s......Page 332
NGOs and Aid Flows......Page 333
Dependence and Independence: Iraq and NGOs......Page 334
Humanitarianism and the Military: Securitization of Emergency Response......Page 335
Aid Programs: Are NGOs Going Out of Style in Development?......Page 336
Advocacy: Public Voice......Page 337
Conclusions......Page 341
References......Page 342
15. The Millennium Challenge Account: An Early Appraisal......Page 344
Background......Page 346
Assessing Program Design......Page 351
Launching MCC......Page 356
Implementing MCA......Page 361
Conclusions......Page 366
Acknowledgment......Page 368
References......Page 369
16. Deepening Local Democratic Governance: Connecting the Dots in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 371
The Status of African Decentralization......Page 372
USAID Assistance for Decentralization......Page 376
Elusive Civil Society and the Nonelectoral Dimensions......Page 377
The Forgotten Politics of Federalism......Page 383
References......Page 385
Part 4. International Assistance and Development......Page 388
Diasporas, for Better or Worse......Page 390
Economic Effects of Diasporas......Page 392
Diaspora Knowledge Transfer......Page 395
Policy Options to Capture Diaspora Gains......Page 398
What Role for Foreign Aid?......Page 404
Conclusion......Page 406
Bibliography......Page 407
18. Remittances, Foreign Aid, and Developing Countries......Page 409
Remittances and Foreign Aid in Developing Countries......Page 410
Policies and Programs Linking Remittances to Development......Page 411
Potential Negative Consequences of Remittances......Page 412
Acknowledgment......Page 418
References......Page 419
Early Development Economics: A Brief Summary, with Implications for Aid......Page 420
Three Basic Problems with Aid......Page 422
Aid and Agency Problems......Page 423
Changing Notions of What Constitutes Development and Their Influence on Aid Evaluations......Page 426
Conclusion......Page 427
References......Page 428
The Relationship between Development and Democracy......Page 429
The Evolution of U.S. Assistance Policy......Page 431
Post–September 11 Policy under George W. Bush: MCA......Page 433
USAID under the Bush Administration: Disconnecting Democracy and Development......Page 436
Notes......Page 438
References......Page 439
About the Editors and Contributors......Page 440
Index......Page 448