Forced Migration across Mexico: Organized Violence, Migrant Struggles, and Life Trajectories

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction: Approaches to Organized Violence and Forced Migration in Transit Through Mexico
	Forced Migration in the Americas
	The Concept of Transit Migration and Mexico as a Transit Country
	Organized Violence in the Central America–Mexico–US Migration Corridor
	Structure of the Book
	Notes
	References
Part I The Effects of Violence and Border Regimes On Migration Processes
	2 Violence and Central American Migrants On Mexico’s Southern Border
		Violence and Migration
		Direct Violence Against Migrants
		Other Expressions of Violence
		Final Reflection
		Notes
		References
	3 Entanglement of Violences: Doubly Forced Migrants Transiting Across the Americas
		Conceptual Note
		Forced Migrations Across South America and Promising Legal Frameworks
		From South America to the US: Lived Experiences of Doubly Forced Caribbean and African Migrants
			From Cuba to the US Via Ecuador and the Darién Gap
			From Haiti to México Via Brazil
			From Venezuela to the US Via Colombia
			From Cameroon to the US Via Ecuador
			From Togo to the US Via Benin and Brazil
		Entanglement of Violences and Production of Doubly Forced Migrants
		Conclusions
		References
	4 Externalization, Violence, and Migrants’ Lengthy Wait at Mexico’s Northern Border
		Border Exclusion Policies
		Blocking, Expulsion, and Indefinite Waiting Policies
		Precariousness and Insecurity in Makeshift Camps and Shelters
		Criminal Violence Against Waiting Asylum Seekers
		Final Remarks
		Notes
		References
Part II Forced Migrants’ Experiences With Organized Violence
	5 Investigating In-Transit Migration Through Mexico Within the Context of Violence and the Pandemic
		Investigating In-Transit Migration in Mexico; Understanding in Order to Conduct Fieldwork
		Basic Preparation: Training, Connections, and the Initial Pursuit
		Southern Border: Convergence of Various Migratory Groups
		Girls, Boys, Teenagers, Students, Women, and Men Forced to Migrate
		Protected By the Mexican State?
		The Rail Squad
		Social Capital in the Place of Origin and the Place of Destination
		Tension in the Desert
		“Jesus Is a Migrant”: Religion and Humanitarian Help
		Another Business of Organized Crime
		Persevering in Fieldwork, Despite the Violence and the Pandemic
		Notes
		References
	6 Forced Migration and Organized Violence Between the Northern Triangle of Central America and Mexico: Evidence From a 2020 Survey
		Scenarios of (Organized) Violence in the Northern Triangle
		Survey and Socio-Demographic Data of Migrants
		Contexts and Reasons for Leaving the Country of Birth
		Experiences of Organized Violence During the Transit in Mexico
		Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research
		Notes
		References
	7 Caravanas Migrantes as Counter-Strategies Against Violence and (Im)mobility
		Caravans and Migratory Politics in Mexico
		Tapachula as a Place of Involuntary Immobility
		The Migrant Caravan of October 2021
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	8 Ties Along the Arterial Border in Mexico: Groups, Institutions, and Information
		Transit Migration, Information Outlets, and Trust
		How Do Migrants in Transit Get Information On the Migrant Route?
			Information From Kin
			Institutions That Help Migrants
			Interactions and Social Ties They Form With Other Migrants
			Road Families
			Transient Community of Migrants
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part III Gender and Violence in Migration Trajectories
	9 Gendered Patterns of Mobility and Access to Refugee Protection of Central American Migrants and Refugees in Mexico
		Immigration Enforcement and Forced (im-) Mobility of Migrants in Mexico
		Gender, Violence, and (im-)mobility in the Social Spaces of Transit Migration
		Sites of Forced (im-) Mobility: Tapachula and Mexico City
			Local Reception Conditions in Tapachula in Southern Mexico
			Local Reception Conditions in Mexico City
		Discussion and Conclusion: Gendered Mobility, Violence, and Agency of Women
		Notes
		References
	10 Organized Violence in Life Histories of Central American Migrant Women
		The Biographical Approach for Trajectories of Forced Migration
		The Case of Lina
		The Context of Lina’s Story
		A Story of Moving Through and Away From Violence
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	11 Waiting as Violence: The Interactions of Gender and Waiting Mechanisms in the Asylum Systems of the United States and Mexico
		A Long Stay at the Tijuana Border: Central American Women Awaiting Protection After Fleeing Violence
		Liminal Legality and Migrant Women’s Risk of Economic Exploitation
		Gender-specific Forms of Violence at Waiting Places
		Temporal Insecurity, Slow Violence, and Care Work Responsibilities
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Index