Food Packaging: Materials,Techniques and Environmental Issues (Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Authors and Contributors
	About the Authors
	Contributors
1 Food Packaging: Concepts and Its Significance
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History of Packaging
	1.3 Concepts of Food Packaging
	1.4 Functions of Packaging
	1.5 Components of Packaging
	1.6 Packaging—Its Linkage to Labeling, Branding and Marketing
	1.7 Packaging in the Nineteenth Century
	1.8 Evolution of Modern Food Packaging
	References
2 Flexible Packaging Material—Manufacturing Processes and Its Application
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Paper
		2.2.1 Manufacturing
		2.2.2 Types of Paper
	2.3 Plastic Films and Laminates
		2.3.1 Materials
		2.3.2 Polyethylene
		2.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) [12]
		2.3.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
		2.3.5 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
		2.3.6 Polypropylene (PP)
		2.3.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
		2.3.8 Nylon (PA6, PA66, PA11)
		2.3.9 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
		2.3.10 Cellulose-Based Materials [13]
		2.3.11 Manufacturing Process
	2.4 Aluminum Foil [16]
		2.4.1 Foil is Made by Two Methods
		2.4.2 Properties
	2.5 Plastic Woven Sack
		2.5.1 Materials
		2.5.2 Properties
		2.5.3 Manufacturing
		2.5.4 Applications
	2.6 Jute—As Packaging Medium
		2.6.1 Use of Jute Fibers
		2.6.2 Manufacturing Process of Jute Fabric [17, 18, 20]
		2.6.3 Terminology Related to Jute Fabrics [21]
		2.6.4 Benefits of Jute Packaging [17]
		2.6.5 Limitation of Jute Fabrics [18]
	2.7 Leno Bag
		2.7.1 Advantages of Leno Bags
		2.7.2 The Process of Manufacturing
		2.7.3 Application
	References
3 Semi-rigid Materials—Manufacturing Processes and Its Application
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Paperboard
		3.2.1 White Board
		3.2.2 Solid Board
		3.2.3 Chipboard
		3.2.4 Fiber Board
		3.2.5 Ovenable Board
	3.3 Folding Carton
		3.3.1 Properties of Folding Carton
		3.3.2 Application of Folding Carton
	3.4 Lined Carton
		3.4.1 There Are Different Types of Lined Board
		3.4.2 Properties of Lined Carton
	3.5 Paper-Based Multilayer Composite Carton
		3.5.1 Advantages
		3.5.2 Materials Used
		3.5.3 Types of Composite Cartons
	3.6 Bag in Box
		3.6.1 Advantages
		3.6.2 Applications
	3.7 Composite Containers
		3.7.1 Composite Containers Are Made from Two Methods
		3.7.2 Advantages
		3.7.3 Properties
		3.7.4 Application
	3.8 Multilayer Squeezable Tube
		3.8.1 Manufacturing Process
		3.8.2 Types of Tube
		3.8.3 Applications
	3.9 Thermoformed Container
	3.10 Thermoforming Process
		3.10.1 Advantages of Thermoforming
		3.10.2 Disadvantages of Thermoforming
		3.10.3 Material Selection
		3.10.4 Process Factors
		3.10.5 Quality Control
	References
4 Rigid Packaging Materials-Manufacturing Processes and Its Application
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Metal Containers
		4.2.1 Tinplate
		4.2.2 Coating/Lacquering
		4.2.3 Manufacturing of Three-Piece Cans
		4.2.4 Aluminum
		4.2.5 Two-Piece Can Manufacturing Process
		4.2.6 Properties of Metals Which Make Them Suitable for Food Packaging
		4.2.7 Applications
	4.3 Glass Container
		4.3.1 Manufacturing of Glass
		4.3.2 Types of Coatings on Glass
		4.3.3 Properties of Glass
		4.3.4 Applications
	4.4 Plastics Containers
		4.4.1 Production of Rigid Plastic Containers
		4.4.2 Thin-Wall Injection Molding
		4.4.3 Blow Molding
		4.4.4 In Extrusion Blow Molding (EBM)
	4.5 Plastic Crates
		4.5.1 Criteria for the Selection of Crates
		4.5.2 Materials Used for the Manufacturing
		4.5.3 Manufacturing Process
		4.5.4 Type of Plastic Crates
		4.5.5 Disadvantages of Plastic Crates
		4.5.6 Applications
	4.6 Wooden Crates
		4.6.1 Material Used
		4.6.2 Design of Wooden Crates
		4.6.3 Advantages of Wooden Crates Are
		4.6.4 Disadvantages of Wooden Crates Are
	4.7 Corrugated Fiber Board Boxes
		4.7.1 Components of Corrugated Fiber Board
		4.7.2 Manufacturing Process of Corrugated Fiber Board Box
		4.7.3 Design of Corrugated Fiber Board Boxes
		4.7.4 Advantages of Corrugated Fiber Board Boxes
		4.7.5 Applications
	References
5 Packaging Techniques for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Breathable Films
		5.2.1 Manufacturing Process
		5.2.2 Types of Breathable Films
	5.3 Molded Pulp Trays
		5.3.1 Manufacturing Process [1]
		5.3.2 Properties of Molded Pulp Packaging
		5.3.3 Applications [17, 18]
	5.4 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Containers [19]
		5.4.1 Manufacturing Process
		5.4.2 Properties [20]
		5.4.3 Applications of Expanded Polystyrene [21]
	5.5 Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
		5.5.1 Role of Gases in MAP
		5.5.2 Classification of MAP [21, 22]
		5.5.3 Principle of MAP Technique
		5.5.4 Techniques of MAP
		5.5.5 Advantages of MAP Technique
		5.5.6 Limitation MAP Technique
		5.5.7 Application of MAP
		5.5.8 Packaging Material Used for MAP [27]
		5.5.9 Application of MAP Technique
	5.6 Controlled Atmosphere Packaging (CAP) [28–30]
		5.6.1 Advantages of CA Technique
		5.6.2 Disadvantages of CA Technique
		5.6.3 Application
	5.7 Active Packaging [31, 32]
		5.7.1 Principles of Active Packaging
		5.7.2 Active Packaging Principles and Its Application to Perishables
		5.7.3 Different Types of Active Agents
	5.8 Intelligent Packaging [32]
		5.8.1 Quality or Freshness Indicators
		5.8.2 Time–Temperature Indicators
		5.8.3 Self-adhesive Labels
		5.8.4 RFID
	5.9 Antimicrobial Packing
		5.9.1 Microbial Agents Are of Different Types
		5.9.2 There Are Different Methods of Incorporating Antimicrobial Agents into the Film
		5.9.3 Properties of Antimicrobial Packing
		5.9.4 Antimicrobial Package Material Can Be Classified into Two Types
	References
6 Packaging Techniques for Processed Food Products
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Canning
		6.2.1 Methods of Canning
		6.2.2 Material Used for Canning
		6.2.3 Application
	6.3 Aseptic Packaging
		6.3.1 Chemical Treatments
		6.3.2 Packaging Materials Used
		6.3.3 Main Features of Aseptic System
		6.3.4 Advantages of Aseptic Packages of Food Products
		6.3.5 Application
	6.4 Retort Pouch
		6.4.1 Characteristics of Materials Used for Retort Pouch
		6.4.2 Advantages of Retort Packaging Technique
		6.4.3 Disadvantages of Retort Packaging Technique
		6.4.4 Application
	6.5 Ultra-High-Temperature Processing (UHT)
		6.5.1 Advantages of UHT Technique
		6.5.2 Disadvantages of UHT Technique
		6.5.3 Application
	6.6 High-pressure Processing
		6.6.1 HPP Systems Are of Two Types
		6.6.2 Foods Suitable for HPP
	6.7 Individual Quick Freezing (IQF)
		6.7.1 Benefits
		6.7.2 Methods
	6.8 Freeze-Drying
		6.8.1 Packaging Requirement
		6.8.2 Advantages of Freeze-Drying Technique
		6.8.3 Disadvantages of Freeze-Drying Technique
		6.8.4 Application
	6.9 Microwave Heating
		6.9.1 Packaging Materials Used for Microwave Heating
		6.9.2 Advantages of Microwave Oven
		6.9.3 Disadvantages of Microwave Oven
		6.9.4 Applications
	6.10 Irradiation
		6.10.1 Packaging Material
		6.10.2 Advantages of Irradiation Technique
		6.10.3 Disadvantages of Food Irradiation
		6.10.4 Application
	6.11 Pulse Electric Field
		6.11.1 Advantages
		6.11.2 Disadvantages
		6.11.3 Applications
	6.12 UV Sterilization
		6.12.1 Advantages
		6.12.2 Disadvantages
	References
7 Food Packaging Design—Its Concept and Application
	7.1 Introduction: Significance of Design for Packaged Food [1, 2]
		7.1.1 First Moment of Truth [2]
	7.2 Role of Package Design as a Marketing Tool [3]
		7.2.1 Disruption and Differentiation [4]
		7.2.2 Convenience and Desirability [4]
		7.2.3 Communication and Branding [4]
		7.2.4 Brand Integrity and Consumer Safety [4]
		7.2.5 Process Feasibility [4]
		7.2.6 Supply Chain and Logistics [4]
		7.2.7 Commercial Viability [4]
		7.2.8 Sustainability and CSR [4]
		7.2.9 Special Needs [4]
	7.3 Branding and Integrated Brand Identity [4]
	7.4 Design and Sensation Transference [5]
		7.4.1 Packaging is the Future of Finishing [5]
		7.4.2 Quality and Perception—Neck Finish [6]
	7.5 Pack Structure Design
	7.6 Package Structure Design Process [6]
	7.7 Product and Pack Compatibility for Design Decisions [6]
	7.8 Graphic Design Significance and Process [7]
		7.8.1 Graphic Design Process [7]
		7.8.2 Visual Hierarchy [8]
	7.9 Evolution of Print Processes [9]
	7.10 Types of Food and Typical Pack Formats
	7.11 Design Guidelines [9]
	7.12 Statutory Requirements [10]
	7.13 Brand Launch, Pilot Production and Pre-testing [11]
		7.13.1 Finish or Finesse [12]
	7.14 Consumer Connect and Digitalization
	7.15 Challenge of Online Retail
	7.16 Supply Chain and Secondary Packaging
	7.17 Visualizing the Future
	7.18 Examples of Modern Packaging Design
	References/Suggested Reading
8 Testing and Quality Evaluation of Packaging Materials and Packages
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Paper and Paper Board
		8.2.1 Physical Tests
		8.2.2 Mechanical Tests
		8.2.3 Chemical Tests
		8.2.4 Optical Tests
	8.3 Corrugated Fibre Board
	8.4 Corrugated Fibre Board Box
		8.4.1 Box Compression Strength (BCT)
		8.4.2 Drop Test
		8.4.3 Vibration Test
		8.4.4 Stack Load Test
		8.4.5 Inclined Impact Test
		8.4.6 Rolling Test
		8.4.7 Water Spray Test
	8.5 Plastic Films and Laminates
		8.5.1 Physical Tests
		8.5.2 Mechanical Tests
		8.5.3 Optical Tests
		8.5.4 Phsico-chemical Properties [39]
	8.6 Plastic Containers [44]
	8.7 Metal Containers
		8.7.1 Physical Properties
		8.7.2 Mechanical Properties
		8.7.3 Chemical Properties
		8.7.4 Testing of Tinplate Containers or Cans
	8.8 Glass Containers
	8.9 Composite Containers [52]
		8.9.1 Weight of Empty Container
		8.9.2 Adhesive Bonding
		8.9.3 Body Wall Thickness
		8.9.4 Drop Test
	8.10 Plastic Sqeezable Tube
		8.10.1 Physical Tests
		8.10.2 Mechanical Tests
		8.10.3 Physico-chemical Test
	8.11 Plastic Pouches
		8.11.1 Plastic Pouch Compression Test
		8.11.2 Static Compression Test
		8.11.3 Pouch Burst Test [55]
		8.11.4 Vacuum Leakage Test (ASTM F2338-09(2013))
		8.11.5 Drop Test of Pouches [57]
	References
9 Sustainable and Green Packaging-Environmental Issues
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Defining Sustainability
	9.3 Origins of Sustainability
	9.4 Addressing the Concerns
	9.5 Some Guidelines
	9.6 Hierarchy of Options
	9.7 Evaluating Sustainability
	9.8 Debunking Some Myths
	9.9 Biodegradability
	9.10 Some New Concepts on Resource Utilisation
	9.11 Linear Economies
	9.12 Circular Economies
	9.13 Thinking Out of the Box
	9.14 Greenwashing
	9.15 Statutory Mandates
	9.16 Final Recommendations
	References
10 Life Cycle Analysis of Packaging Material
	10.1 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
	10.2 Definition
	10.3 Methodology
	10.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
	10.5 Carbon Footprint
	10.6 Significance of LCA Study in Packaging Material
		10.6.1 Plastic Pouches Versus Glass Bottles in Milk Packaging
		10.6.2 Plastics Versus Tin for Oil Packaging
		10.6.3 PP-HDPE Woven Sacs Versus Jute/Paper Sacks
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
Appendix Relevant Indian Standards of Packaging Materials for Food Products
Index