Food-Drug Synergy and Safety

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
The Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Definitions......Page 21
1.4 Examples of Food Synergy......Page 22
1.6 Conclusions......Page 24
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 26
Lipid Sources and Plant Sterols: Effect of Food and Food-Drug Synergy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk......Page 28
2.2.1 Fish Oil......Page 29
2.2.1.1 Fish Oil Combined with Olive Oil......Page 30
2.2.1.3 Fish Oil Combined with Garlic......Page 31
2.2.2.2 MCT Oil Combined with n-3 Fatty Acids and Plant Sterols......Page 32
2.2.3.2 Plant Sterols Combined with Various Food Constituents......Page 33
2.3.1.1 Fish Oil Combined with Statin Therapy......Page 34
2.3.2.1 Plant Sterols Combined with Statin Therapy......Page 35
2.4.1 Interactions of Fish Oil When Combined with Diet or Drug Therapy......Page 36
2.4.2 Interactions of MCT Oil When Combined with Diet or Drug Therapy......Page 37
2.5 Conclusions......Page 38
References......Page 39
Antioxidant Phytochemicals and Potential Synergistic Activities at Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 44
3.1 Introduction......Page 45
3.2.1.1 Phenolic Acids......Page 48
3.2.1.2 Flavonoids......Page 49
3.2.1.3 Catechins......Page 50
3.2.2.1 Flavonols......Page 52
3.2.2.2 Flavones......Page 53
3.2.2.4 Anthocyanidins......Page 54
3.2.2.5 Carotenoids......Page 55
3.2.3.1 Resveratrol......Page 57
3.2.4.1 Isoflavones......Page 58
3.2.5 Garlic and Onion......Page 60
3.2.5.1 Organosulfur Compounds......Page 61
3.2.6 Ginseng......Page 62
3.2.6.1 Ginsenosides......Page 63
3.3.2 Polyphenol-Nutrient Antioxidant Interactions......Page 64
3.4.1 Redox-Active Metals and Reducing Agents......Page 66
3.5 Conclusions......Page 67
References......Page 68
4.1 Introduction......Page 80
4.2.2.1 Viscous Fibers and Anion Exchange Resins......Page 81
4.2.2.2 Soy, Vegetable Proteins, and Statins......Page 82
4.2.2.3 Plant Sterols and Ezetimibe......Page 83
4.2.2.5 Food Combination or Portfolio Effects with Drugs......Page 84
4.2.3 Blood Pressure......Page 86
4.4 Conclusions......Page 87
References......Page 88
The Role of Complementary Vitamins, Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12, in Cardiovascular Disease......Page 94
5.1.1 Folate......Page 95
5.1.3 Vitamin B12......Page 96
5.2.1 Homocysteine Metabolizing Pathways......Page 97
5.2.2 Genetic Determinants of Homocysteine......Page 98
5.2.3 Environmental Determinants of Homocysteine......Page 99
5.3.1 History......Page 100
5.3.2 Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies......Page 101
5.4.1 Effect of Folate, Vitamin B6, and B12 on Homocysteine Concentration......Page 102
5.4.2 The Effect of [6S]-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate......Page 104
5.4.3 Folate Fortification......Page 105
5.5.1 Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 106
5.5.2 Intervention Trials......Page 107
5.6.2 B Vitamins and Antioxidant Vitamins......Page 110
5.6.4 B Vitamins and Alcohol......Page 111
5.7.2 Other Drugs and B Vitamins......Page 112
5.8.1 B Vitamins......Page 113
References......Page 114
6.1.1 Why Are Dietary Patterns of Interest?......Page 128
6.1.2.1 Exploratory Approach......Page 129
6.2.1 Mediterranean Dietary Pattern......Page 130
6.2.2 Major Dietary Patterns in Western Countries......Page 133
6.2.3 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension......Page 134
6.2.4 Dietary Recommendations......Page 135
6.3 Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 138
Cancer......Page 140
Soy-Food and Soy-Drug Interactions in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer......Page 142
7.2 Interactive Effects between Soy and Food or Drug......Page 143
7.2.1.1 Soy and Tea......Page 144
7.2.1.2 Soy and Vitamin D......Page 148
7.2.1.3 Soy and Other Food Components......Page 149
7.2.2.1 Soy and TAM Interactions in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment......Page 150
7.2.2.2 Genistein and Other Chemotherapeutic Drugs......Page 152
7.3.1 Identification of Other Soy Components That May Have Synergistic Effect with Other Foods/Drugs: Effects of Whole Soy Food vs. Supplements......Page 153
7.3.2 Mechanism Elucidation and Mechanism-Based Design of Synergy Strategies for Cancer Prevention and Treatment......Page 154
7.3.3 Systematic Evaluation of Synergistic Combinations and Identification of Biomarkers......Page 155
7.3.4 Individual Responses to Chemopreventive and Treatment Combinations......Page 156
7.4 Conclusions......Page 157
References......Page 158
Flaxseed, Lignans, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Drug Synergy in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer......Page 164
8.2.1 Flaxseed......Page 165
8.2.2 a-Linolenic Acid Combined with Flaxseed Lignans......Page 168
8.2.4 Lignans Combined with Genistein......Page 169
8.2.6 a-Linolenic Acid Combined with Phytosterols......Page 170
8.2.7 Sesame Seed Lignans, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Tocopherols......Page 171
8.3.1 Flaxseed and Its Lignans Combined with Tamoxifen......Page 172
8.3.1.2 In Vitro Study with ER-MDA MB 435 Breast Cancer Cells......Page 175
8.3.2 n-3 Fatty Acids Combined with Cancer Drugs......Page 176
8.4 Safety Aspects......Page 178
8.5 Conclusions......Page 181
References......Page 182
9.1 Introduction......Page 192
9.3 Whole Grains......Page 193
9.4 Whole-Grain Recommendations......Page 194
9.6 Epidemiological Studies of Whole Grains and Cancer......Page 195
9.7 Mechanistic Studies of Whole Grains......Page 197
9.7.1 Large Bowel Effects of Whole Grains......Page 198
9.7.2 Antioxidants in Whole Grains......Page 199
9.7.3 Lignans......Page 200
9.7.4 Antinutrients......Page 201
9.8.1 Dietary Fiber Interventions......Page 202
9.8.2 Whole-Grains Interventions......Page 203
References......Page 204
Synergy and Safety of Antioxidants with Cancer Drugs......Page 210
10.1 Introduction......Page 211
10.2 Types of Antioxidants and Their Derivatives, Doses, and Treatment Schedule......Page 212
10.3 Use of Antioxidants by Cancer Patients and Oncologist’s Recommendation to Cancer Patients......Page 213
10.5.1 Differential Accumulation of Dietary Antioxidants and Their Derivatives?......Page 214
10.5.3 Alteration in Gene Expression, Protein Level, and Protein Translocation in Cancer Cells......Page 216
10.7 Effect of Individual Endogenously Made Antioxidants on Cancer Cells......Page 217
10.8 Effect of Antioxidant Deficiency on Cancer Cells......Page 218
10.9.1 Protective Effect of Individual Antioxidants and Their Derivatives on Cancer Cells during Radiation Therapy......Page 219
10.9.3 Enhancing Effect of Individual Antioxidants and Their Derivatives on Cancer Cells during Chemotherapy: In Vivo Studies......Page 220
10.9.4 Enhancing Effect of Multiple Antioxidants and Their Derivatives on Cancer Cells during Chemotherapy: In Vitro Studies......Page 223
10.11 Clinical Studies with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants in Combination with Standard Therapy......Page 224
10.13 Enhancement of the Effect of Certain Biological Response Modifiers on Cancer Cells by High-Dose Individual Dietary Antioxidants and Their Derivatives......Page 226
10.14.1 Active Treatment Protocol......Page 228
10.15 Conclusions......Page 229
References......Page 230
11.1 Introduction......Page 236
11.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics......Page 237
11.2.1 Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Well-Being......Page 238
11.2.2 Probiotic Bacteria and Interaction with Antibiotics......Page 239
11.2.3 Probiotics and Alcohol......Page 240
11.2.4 Probiotics and Carcinogens......Page 241
11.3 Probiotics and Carcinogen Binding......Page 242
11.4 Probiotics and Cancer......Page 243
11.6 Prebiotics and Other Toxins......Page 245
References......Page 246
Osteoporosis......Page 250
Synergy of Soy, Flaxseed, Calcium, and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Osteoporosis......Page 252
12.1 Introduction......Page 253
12.2.1 Evaluation of Bone Metabolism in Human Studies......Page 254
12.2.2 Evaluation of Bone Metabolism in Animal Studies......Page 255
12.3.1 Soy......Page 256
12.3.2 Soy Combined with Calcium......Page 257
12.3.4 Soy Combined with Flaxseed......Page 261
12.4.1 Calcium and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)......Page 262
12.4.2 Soy Combined with HRT......Page 263
12.5 Safety Aspects......Page 264
12.6 Conclusions......Page 265
References......Page 266
Synergy of Protein, Fats, and Calcium; Potential Synergies with Drugs for Osteoporosis......Page 272
13.1 Introduction......Page 273
13.2 Calcium and Bone Health......Page 275
13.2.2 Calcium Bioavailability: Effects of Other Nutrients......Page 276
13.3 Protein and Bone Health......Page 277
13.4 Protein and Calcium Interactions......Page 279
13.6.1 Lipids and Intestinal Structure and Function......Page 281
13.6.2.1 Transcellular Calcium Transport......Page 282
13.6.3.1 EFAs and Calcium Absorption......Page 283
13.6.3.3 EFAs and Bone Density......Page 284
13.7 Lipids and Other Nutrients......Page 286
13.8 Synergy between Drug and Nutrient Therapies for Osteoporosis......Page 287
13.8.1 Use of Calcium in Combination with Various Drugs......Page 288
13.8.3.1 Essential Fatty Acids and Estrogen......Page 290
13.9 Safety Issues around a High Intake of Calcium, Protein, and Lipids......Page 291
13.9.2 Recommended Intakes of Specific Fatty Acids......Page 292
13.9.4 Ratio of n-6:n-3 EFAs......Page 293
13.10 Sources of Food to Supply Nutrients Required for Maintenance of Bone Health......Page 294
References......Page 295
Inflammatory Disease, Hypertension, and Obesity......Page 302
14.1 Introduction......Page 304
14.2.1 Cyclooxygenase......Page 306
14.2.2 Nitric Oxide Synthase......Page 309
14.2.3 NADPH Oxidase......Page 310
14.3.1 Synthetic COX Inhibitors......Page 311
14.3.2 Natural COX Suppressants......Page 313
14.3.3 Synthetic NOS Inhibitors......Page 315
14.3.4 Natural NOS Suppressants......Page 316
14.3.6 Natural NOX Suppressants......Page 317
14.4.1 n-3 Fatty Acids......Page 318
14.4.2 Antioxidants......Page 319
14.4.3 Antiinflammatory Agents......Page 321
Acknowledgments......Page 322
References......Page 323
Food and Food-Drug Synergies: Role in Hypertension and Renal Disease Protection......Page 336
15.2.2 Dietary or Food Factors in Hypertension......Page 337
15.2.3 Dietary Interventions in the Treatment of Hypertension......Page 339
15.2.4 Diet Combinations and Food Synergy in the Treatment of Hypertension......Page 341
15.2.5 Food-Drug Synergy in the Treatment of Hypertension......Page 343
15.2.6 Biological Activities of Foods or Food Constituents Related to Protection against Hypertension......Page 344
15.3.1 General Considerations and Overview of Pathophysiology......Page 346
15.3.2 Dietary Factors in CKD......Page 347
15.3.3 Dietary Modifications in the Treatment of CKD......Page 348
13.3.4 Food Synergy in the Treatment of CKD......Page 350
15.3.5 Food-Drug Synergy in the Treatment of CKD......Page 351
15.3.6 Biological Actions of Foods or Food Constituents Related to Renal Disease Protection......Page 352
15.4 Diet and Food Safety Issues......Page 354
15.5 Conclusions......Page 355
References......Page 356
Milk Proteins in Food-Food and Food-Drug Synergy on Feeding Behavior, Energy Balance, and Body Weight Regulation......Page 364
16.1 Introduction......Page 365
16.2 The Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance......Page 366
16.2.1 The Role of Gut Hormones in Regulating Short-Term Food Intake......Page 367
16.2.2.2 GLP-1......Page 368
16.3 Food-Food Synergy on Energy Intake, Subjective Appetite, and Body Weight Regulation: The Role of Dairy Components......Page 369
16.3.1.1 Milk Proteins and Food Intake......Page 370
16.3.1.2 Antiobesity Effect of ACE Inhibitory Peptides......Page 371
16.3.2.1 Observational Studies......Page 372
16.3.2.3 Human Studies......Page 373
16.3.3.1 The Role of MCT......Page 374
16.3.3.2 The Role of CLA......Page 375
16.4.1 Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity......Page 376
16.4.2.1 Dairy Protein, Exendin-4, and Food Intake......Page 377
16.4.2.2 High-Protein or High-Carbohydrate Diets and Sibutramine or Phentermine......Page 378
16.4.2.4 Fermentable Fiber and Orlistat......Page 380
16.6 Conclusions......Page 381
References......Page 382
Ergogenics......Page 390
Caffeine, Creatine, and Food-Drug Synergy: Ergogenics and Applications to Human Health......Page 392
17.2.1 The Compound and Its Mode of Action......Page 393
17.2.2 Sources of Caffeine......Page 396
17.2.3 Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid......Page 399
17.2.4 Caffeine-Food Interactions and Ergogenics......Page 400
17.2.5 Caffeine-Drug Interactions and Ergogenics......Page 402
17.2.6 Caffeine, Foods, and Health and Safety Issues: Insulin Resistance......Page 403
17.2.7 Caffeine and Health and Safety Issues: Weight Loss Supplements......Page 409
17.3.1 The Mode of Action......Page 411
17.3.3 Creatine as an Ergogenic Aid......Page 412
17.3.4 Mechanism of Action......Page 414
17.3.5 Creatine-Food Interactions and Ergogenics......Page 415
17.3.6 Creatine-Drug Interactions and Ergogenics......Page 416
17.3.7 Creatine and Health......Page 417
17.4 Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 419
Experimental Designs......Page 428
Designing Experiments for Food-Drug Synergy: Health Aspects......Page 430
18.1.1 An Emerging Problem of Adverse Effects of Food Intake on Drug Action......Page 431
18.2.2 Composition of Foods and Meals......Page 432
18.2.6 Fortified Foods......Page 436
18.2.7 Fruit Juice and Flavonoids......Page 437
18.2.11 Other Dietary Factors......Page 438
18.3 Experimental Design......Page 439
18.3.3 Study Population......Page 440
18.3.3.1 Age......Page 441
18.3.3.3 Physiological Status......Page 442
18.4 Conclusions......Page 443
References......Page 444
Designing Experiments for Food-Drug Synergy: Safety Aspects......Page 448
19.1 Introduction......Page 449
19.2 What Foods and Drugs Have in Common......Page 450
19.3.1 Terminology......Page 451
19.3.2.1 Independent (Dissimilar) Joint Action......Page 452
19.3.2.3 Interaction......Page 453
19.4 Test Systems and Study Designs......Page 454
19.4.1.2 In Vitro Systems......Page 456
19.4.1.3 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and in Silico Systems......Page 458
19.4.2 Study Designs......Page 459
19.4.2.1 Whole-Mixture/Combination Studies......Page 460
19.4.2.2 Component-Based Studies......Page 461
19.5 Examples......Page 466
19.5.2.1 Introduction......Page 467
19.5.2.2 Biotransformation......Page 468
19.5.2.5 Clinical Toxicology......Page 469
19.6 Conclusions......Page 470
References......Page 471
Index......Page 478