Food Crime: An Introduction to Deviance in the Food Industry

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 An Introduction to “Food Crimes”
	Introduction
	What Is “Food Crime”?
	Examples of Food Crimes
	The Important Context of Food Crime
	Harms Caused by Food Crimes
	Crime versus Deviance
	State-Corporate Crime
	Culpability Defined
	The Importance of the Law
	Conclusion: Why Food Crime Matters (and Should Matter to Criminology and Criminal Justice and the Rest of Us)
2 The Conventional Food System
	Introduction
	Three Eras of Food
	Sub-eras of Food Production
	The Conventional Food System
	Industrialization of Food
	Chickenization
	McDonaldization
	Back to Industrialization
	Corporatization of Food
	Monopolization of Food
	Key State Agencies Involved in Food
		USDA
		FDA
		EPA
		CDC
		Other Agencies
		Government-Corporate Relations
	Conclusion
	Appendix 1: Top Companies of the Conventional Food System
3 What Americans Eat
	Introduction
	What Is a Healthy Diet?
		Early Guidance
		Dietary Guidelines
		Food Pyramid
		1995 Guidelines
		2000 Guidelines
		2005 Guidelines
		2010 Guidelines
		MyPlate
		2015-2020 Guidelines
	Is This the Advice of Experts?
	Problems With the Guidelines
	Comparing a Healthy Diet to What Americans Eat
	Physical Activity Matters, Too
	Energy Balance
	Why We Eat What We Eat
	A Focus on School Lunches
	Conclusion
4 The Food IS the Crime: Putting the Food Back Into “Food Crime”
	Introduction
	Processed Foods
	Salt
	Sugar
	Fat
	Additives
	Antimicrobials
	GMOs
	Conclusion
5 Food Addiction
	Introduction
	Drug Use versus Drug Misuse and Drug Abuse
	Why Do People Use Drugs?
		How the Brain Is Involved
	What Is Addiction?
	Addiction versus Substance Use Disorder
	Is Food Addictive?
	Food and the Elements of Addiction
		Changes in the Brain
		Cravings
		Tolerance
		Withdrawal
		Compulsive Use Despite Harms, Lack of Impulse Control
		Social Problems
	Which Foods May Be Addictive?
	Prevalence of Food Addiction
	Conclusion: What Does It All Mean?
6 Harms Associated With What We Eat
	Introduction
	SAD
	Illness
		Obesity
		Diabetes
		Mental Health and Other Conditions
		Death Associated With Diet
	Health-Care Costs
	A Healthier Diet
	Obesity, Diabetes, and Choice
	Conclusion
7 Harms Associated With the System
	Introduction
	Killing and Eating Animals
	Animal Welfare
	Factory Farming/CAFOs
	Change Is Coming?
	Pathogens
	Hazardous Working Conditions
	Environmental Damage
	Food Insecurity
	Food Waste
	Focus on Fishing
	Conclusion
8 Culpability for Food Crimes
	Introduction
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Producing Excess Calories
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Putting Food in Non-food Environments
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Funding Research to Create One-Sided Studies
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Using Front Groups to Confuse Consumers
		Center for Consumer Freedom
		Grocery Manufacturers Association
		National Restaurant Association
		International Life Sciences Institute
		Alliance for a Healthier Generation
		Food Marketing Institute
		Other Groups
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Advertising Unhealthy Products
	Companies Are Culpable for Deceptive Advertising
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Food Fraud
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Product Shrinkage
	Food Companies Are Culpable for Deleterious Health Outcomes and Other Harms of the System
	Consumer Responsibility
	Responsible Actions of Food Companies
	Conclusion
9 Economic Benefits of the Food System
	Introduction
	Economic Benefits of the Conventional Food System
		Access to Food
		Gross Domestic Product
		Employment
		Average Incomes of Farmers and Food Workers
		Access to Health Care
		Multiplier Effects
	Costs-Benefits Analysis of the Conventional Food System
	Conclusion
10 Summary and the Future
	Introduction
	Summary of the Book
	Suggested Reforms
		Grow, Produce, and Sell More Healthy Foods
		Make Food Healthier by Reducing the Number of Processed and Ultra-Processed Foods and Reducing the Amount of Salt, Sugar, and Fat in Food
		Regulate Food Additives Through a Public Health Approach Led by the Government
		Ban Antimicrobials in Animal Feed
		Encourage Vegetarianism
		Grow a Much Wider Variety of Crops
		Subsidize Fruits and Vegetables
		Reduce the Number and Size of Factory Farms, CAFOs
		Inform Consumers About the Reality of Food Addiction and Hold Food Corporations Responsible for It
		Turn the Regulation of Food Pathogens Over to the Government
		Sell Imperfect Fruits and Vegetables to Reduce Food Waste
		Educate Consumers About Ways to Reduce Food Waste
		Feed the World to Reduce Food Insecurity
		Hold Food Corporations Responsible for Environmental Damage They Create
		Insist on Safe Workplaces for All Food-Based Employees
		Hold Food Corporations Responsible for Their Deviance and Criminality
		Ban the Sale of Food in Non-food Environments
		Insist That All Food-Related Researchers Identify Which Companies They Work for or Are Paid by
		Create a National, Searchable Database on Food-Related Research
		Create a National, Searchable Database on Food-Related Front Groups
		Ban Deceptive Advertising and Insist the Government Call Out Companies Engaged in This Behavior
		Vigorously Pursue Cases of Food Fraud
		Outlaw Product Shrinkage
		Ban the Advertising of Unhealthy Products to Children
			Counter the Advertising of Unhealthy Products With Truth-Related Ads Showing Their Harms
	The Future: Toward Food Justice
References
Index