FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE.

Acknowledgements
Introduction
	Who Should Read this Book?
	The Overall Plan
	The Revised Edition
	Some Disclosures
	References
Contents
1 Biotechnology in the Context of Agriculture and Food: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Puzzle of Heredity
	1.3 Altering the Genome
	1.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
	1.5 Recent Developments
	1.6 What’s in a Name?
	1.7 The Controversy in Ethical Perspective
	1.8 Conclusion: Beyond Risk and Back Again
	References
2 The Presumptive Case for Food Biotechnology
	2.1 Technological Ethics: A Précis
	2.2 Ethics and Risk
	2.3 The Risk-Based Approach
	2.4 The Logic of the Presumptive Case
	2.5 The Social Dimension of the Presumptive Case
	2.6 Making the Case for Biotechnology Badly
		2.6.1 The Modernist Fallacy
		2.6.2 The Naturalistic Fallacy
		2.6.3 The Argument from Ignorance
		2.6.4 The Argument from Hunger
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 Biotechnology, Policy and the Problem of Unintended Consequences: The Case of rBST
	3.1 What is rBST? Why Does it Matter?
	3.2 Biotechnology Policy and Philosophy
	3.3 rBGH: Assessing Unwanted Consequences
		3.3.1 Food Safety
		3.3.2 Animal Welfare
		3.3.3 Environmental Impact
		3.3.4 Social Consequences
	3.4 Ethical Disputes, Governance and Consensus Politics
	3.5 Social Consequences Redux
	3.6 Learning from rBST
	References
4 Food Safety and the Ethics of Consent
	4.1 The Ethics and Political Theory of Food Safety Regulation
	4.2 Safety Criteria and Biotechnology
	4.3 Ethical Gaps in Food Safety Governance
		4.3.1 Bad Actors
		4.3.2 Collateral Consequences
		4.3.3 Social Uncertainty
	4.4 The Philosophy of Food Safety
		4.4.1 Classification
		4.4.2 Purification
		4.4.3 Optimization
	4.5 Classification and Purification Versus Risk-Based Optimization
	4.6 Food Safety and Ethics
	4.7 Food Labels and Consent
	4.8 Food Safety Risks in Ethical Perspective
	References
5 Animal Health and Welfare
	5.1 Animal Biotechnology and Food
	5.2 Harm to Animals and the Risk-Based Approach
	5.3 Drugs and Animal Feeds from Biotechnology
	5.4 Engineered Animals
	5.5 The Moral Status of Animals
	5.6 Rollin’s Consensus Morality
	5.7 Animal Telos, Animal Integrity and Objections to Genetically Engineered Animals
	5.8 Against Changing Telos or Species Integrity of Food Animals
	5.9 Animal Biotechnology and Moral Obligation
	References
6 Ethics and Environmental Risk Assessment
	6.1 The Environmental Debate
	6.2 Environmental Risk: An Expected Value Approach
	6.3 Expected Value and the Consequentialist Framework
	6.4 Understanding Hazards and Harm
		6.4.1 Acquired Pest Resistance
		6.4.2 Weediness
		6.4.3 Genetic Diversity
	6.5 Probability, Precaution and the Quantification of Exposure
	6.6 Exposure Quantification: Further Issues
	6.7 Philosophy of Science and Risk Communication
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
7 Environmental Impact and Environmental Values
	7.1 Environmental Impacts from Agrifood Biotechnology
	7.2 Environmental Hazards and Environmental Values
	7.3 Environmental Philosophy For and Against  Expected Value
	7.4 The Conceptual Landscape of Environmental Ethics
	7.5 Environmental Ethics in Consumption
	7.6 Environmental Ethics in Production
	7.7 Ethics and Environmental Responsibility for Food Biotechnology
	References
8 Social Impact and the Technology Treadmill
	8.1 Technology, Politics and the Prediction of Social Change
	8.2 The Social Consequences of Food Biotechnology
	8.3 Theories of Justice
		8.3.1 Utilitarianism and Utilitarian Theories of Justice
		8.3.2 Justice and Rights
		8.3.3 Justice and Virtue
	8.4 Structural Injustice and Structural Criticisms
	8.5 Social Consequences for Small and Family Farms
		8.5.1 Family Farms: Utilitarian Arguments
		8.5.2 Family Farms: Rights and Fairness
		8.5.3 Family Farms and Moral Virtue
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Can Agrifood Biotechnology Help the Poor?
	9.1 The Ethics of Agricultural Research
	9.2 Ethics and Agricultural Development
	9.3 Social Consequences in Peasant Agriculture
	9.4 World Feeders and Ethical Consumers
	9.5 Social Consequences for the Conduct of Science
		9.5.1 The Scientific Purity Argument
		9.5.2 The Social Function Argument
		9.5.3 The Public Trust Argument
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Conceptions of Property and the Biotechnology Debate
	10.1 Property Rights in Genetic Information: The Context
	10.2 Ownership in Genetics: A Contested Subject
	10.3 The Theory of Property
	10.4 Instrumental Conceptions of Property
		10.4.1 Libertarian Theory
		10.4.2 Utilitarian Theory
	10.5 Ontological Conceptions of Property
		10.5.1 Natural Law Theory
		10.5.2 The Labor Theory of Property
	10.6 Linking Instrumental and Ontological Theories of Property
	10.7 Property and Agrifood Biotechnology: Ontological Approaches
		10.7.1 Ruling Out Ownership of Human Genes
		10.7.2 Rivalry and Excludability
		10.7.3 Do Scientists Own Their Labor?
	10.8 Property and Agrifood Biotechnology: Utilitarian Approaches
	10.9 Property and Agrifood Biotechnology: Libertarian Approaches
	10.10 Against Property Rights in Food Biotechnology
	10.11 Ownership and Commodities
	10.12 Conclusion
	References
11 Religiously Metaphysical Arguments Against Agrifood Biotechnology
	11.1 Intrinsically Wrong
	11.2 Situating Religious and Metaphysical Claims
	11.3 Metaphysical and Religious Arguments: An Exhibitive Introduction
	11.4 Analyzing the Religiously Metaphysical Case Against Genetic Engineering
	11.5 Religious Statements on Genetic Technology Through 2005
	11.6 The Religious Case Against Property Rights in Genes: 1985–1995
	11.7 Academic Theology and Genetic Engineering
	11.8 The Ethical Implications of Religious Views
	References
12 Communication, Education and the Problem of Trust
	12.1 Public Opinion and the Ethics of Gene Technology
	12.2 The Problem of Trust
	12.3 Communication and Public Understanding of Science
	12.4 The Ethics of Science Communication
	12.5 The Problem of Risk
	12.6 Human Action, Risk, and Responsibility
	12.7 Equivocation Problems and False Authority
	12.8 Moral Reductionism and Political Exclusion
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
13 Gene Editing, Synthetic Biology and the Next Generation of Agrifood Biotechnology: Some Ethical Issues
	13.1 Synthetic Biology: The Old New Thing
	13.2 Gene Editing and the Next Generation of Biotechnology
	13.3 The Products of Gene Editing in Food and Agriculture
	13.4 Alternative Proteins
	13.5 Novel Agricultural Ecosystems
	13.6 Gene Drives
	13.7 Conclusion: Should We Worry?
	References
14 Biotechnology, Controversy and the Philosophy of Technology
	14.1 The Global Controversy: What Role for Philosophy?
	14.2 Philosophy of Technology
	14.3 Risk Assessment and Its Enemies
	14.4 Environmental Pragmatism: A Prolegomena
	14.5 Technological Pragmatism: Ihde
	14.6 Technological Pragmatism: Postphenomenology Expanded
	14.7 Gene Technology as a Moral Apocalypse
	14.8 Conclusion: Technological Pragmatism and World-Feeding Ideology
	References
Index