Food, Diversity, Vulnerability and Social Change: Research Findings from Insular Southeast Asia (Mansholt Publication Series)

Preface and acknowledgement......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
List of figures and tables......Page 16
Map of Indonesia with research locations.......Page 19
Map of Philippines with research locations.......Page 20
Figure 1.1. Interrelationships between food security, nutrition and care (Balatibat, 2004: 42; adapted from the UNICEF model).......Page 25
Figure 1.2. Linkages between the household and the food chain (Niehof, 1998: 45).......Page 26
Figure 2.1. Processed and non-processed Indonesian soybean products (Muchtadi, 2007: 5).......Page 68
Table 2.2. Utilization of harvest from food production according to ecological area (Balatibat, 2004: 77).......Page 38
Table 2.3. Prevalence of malnutrition among lowland and coastal children 6-36 months old (Balatibat, 2004: 86).......Page 39
Table 2.4. Agro-ecosystems in Alegre and Plaridel (Roa, 2007: 130-134).......Page 41
Table 2.5. Consumption of cereals, root crops, animal protein, soy bean products, vegetables and fruits of Subang households according to agro-ecological area (Suhanda et al., 2009: 66-72).......Page 43
Table 2.6. Economic status of rural and urban households in Javanese provinces (Muchtadi, 2007: 22-23).......Page 45
Table 2.7. Frequency of consumption by rural and urban households of the most popular soybean products according to household heads (Muchtadi, 2007: 53).......Page 46
Table 2.8. Nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) of rural and urban teenagers, adults, and elderly (Muchtadi, 2007: 74-76).......Page 47
Table 2.9. Body weight for age, body height for age, and weight for height in categories based on z-scores (<-2, <-1, between -1 and + 1, >+1, >+2) of rural and urban children under five (Muchtadi, 2007: 72).......Page 48
Table 2.10. Weight for age, height for age, and weight for height z-score categories of rural and urban children of primary school age (Muchtadi, 2007: 73).......Page 49
Table 2.12. Reading and writing skills of Baduy husbands and wives in percentages (Khomsan et al., 2009: 72-73).......Page 55
Table 2.14. Frequency of selected types of foods consumed per time unit (mean and standard deviation) for the three Baduy groups (Khomsan et al., 2009: 108-110).......Page 56
Table 2.15. Percentage of Required Dietary Allowances (RDA) reached per nutrient of daily per capita food intake for the three Baduy groups (Khomsan et al., 2009: 112, 115, 119).......Page 58
Table 2.16. Percentage of Required Dietary Allowances (RDA) reached per nutrient, percentage of RDA<70% of Baduy children under five, and percentage of RDA for boys and girls in Outer Baduy only (Khomsan et al., 2009: 115, 117, 120, 121).1......Page 59
Table 2.17. Wild food resources available in the uplands (Tangonan et al., 2008: 43-44).......Page 62
Table 2.18. Food items produced according to site and season (Tangonan et al., 2008: 48-49).......Page 63
Table 2.19. Primary source of income of respondents in the three villages (Tangonan et al., 2008: 55).......Page 64
2.3 Conclusion......Page 70
Table 3.1. Distribution according to body mass index (BMI) categories of men and women from poor and non-poor households in Bogor and Indramayu (%) (Riyadi et al., 2006: 35-36).......Page 83
Table 3.2. Time expenditure (N hours) of men and women in hours (6 a.m. until 8 p.m.) in lowland and coastal villages in the Philippines (Balatibat 2004: 151).......Page 85
Table 3.3. Reported strategies to meet food needs in Pasean, Madura, 2004 (author’s unpublished data, Pasean household survey, 2004).......Page 91
Table 3.4. Reported strategies to meet food needs in Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara (Dwiyanto et al. (n.d.), data collected in 2004).......Page 92
Table 4.1. Weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores of children under five according to posyandu attendance of the mother (Khomsan et al., 2007: 50, 54, 58).......Page 105
Table 5.1. Percentages of poor households in two types of areas in Subang, West Java when applying different poverty standards (Suhanda et al., 2009: 112).......Page 119
1. Thematic introduction: food as a basic need and beyond......Page 22
1.1 The changing discourse on food security......Page 23
1.2 Food and domestic production......Page 24
1.3 Vulnerability, age and gender......Page 27
1.4 Methodological issues in measuring food and nutrition security......Page 29
1.5 Conclusion......Page 33
2.1 Diversity of food systems......Page 36
2.2 Diversity of foods......Page 66
3.1 Age......Page 72
3.2 Gender......Page 80
3.3 Conclusion......Page 93
4.1 Institutions......Page 96
4.2 Policies and programmes......Page 101
4.3 Social change......Page 107
4.4 Conclusion......Page 111
5.1 Reflecting on food and poverty linkages......Page 116
5.2 Diversity, diversification and vulnerability......Page 120
5.3 Methodological diversity and disciplinary interfaces on the subject......Page 122
Glossary......Page 128
List of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 130
List of reviewed NHF-supported project reports......Page 132
Published sources and PhD theses......Page 133
Keyword index......Page 140