Fluoropolymer additives

Front Cover......Page 1
FLUOROPOLYMER ADDITIVES......Page 4
Series Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
PART 1 -Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Uniqueness of Fluorine......Page 18
1.3 Fluorine Characteristics......Page 20
References......Page 24
2.2 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives......Page 26
2.3 Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Additives......Page 27
2.6 Fluorination......Page 28
References......Page 29
PART 2 -Manufacturing and Properties......Page 30
3.2 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Preparation......Page 32
3.3 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene......Page 34
3.5 Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers......Page 35
3.6 Polymerization Mechanism......Page 37
3.7 Suspension Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene......Page 38
3.8 Emulsion Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene......Page 42
3.9 Characterization of Polytetrafluoroethylene......Page 44
References......Page 49
4.3 Degradation of Polytetrafluoroethylene......Page 52
4.4 Production Methods......Page 54
4.5 Direct Polymerization......Page 58
References......Page 66
5.2 Manufacturing Process......Page 68
5.3 Emulsion Polymerization......Page 69
5.4 Suspension Polymerization......Page 71
5.5 Development of Polymeric Process Additives......Page 73
5.6 Commercial Products......Page 79
References......Page 80
PART  3-Applications......Page 82
6.3 Wear Processes......Page 84
6.5 Lubrication Processes......Page 85
6.6 Lubricant Base Oils......Page 86
6.8 Comparison of Solid Lubricant Additives......Page 87
6.9 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives......Page 88
6.11 Low-Viscosity Lubricants......Page 90
6.12 Engine Oil......Page 97
6.13 Grease......Page 105
6.14 Suppliers of Lubricants Containing Fluorinated Additives......Page 111
References......Page 117
7.2 Types of Fluorinated Additives......Page 122
7.3 Friction and Wear Processes......Page 123
7.4 Friction and Wear of High- and Low-MW PTFE......Page 128
7.6 Development of Fluoroadditive Use for Friction/Wear Enhancement of Thermoplastics......Page 131
7.9 Plastic Types......Page 133
7.10 Fluorinated Additives for Improved Melt and Mechanical Properties......Page 144
7.11 Additives to Alter Plastic Surface Properties......Page 146
7.12 Fluoropolymer Additives to Inhibit Melt Dripping in Fire Situations......Page 149
7.13  Compounding of Fluorinated Additives into Thermoplastics......Page 153
References......Page 158
8.2 Printing Processes......Page 164
8.4 Fluoropolymer Addition to Ink......Page 166
8.5 Abrasion/Rub Resistance of Prints......Page 168
8.7 Commercial Suppliers of Fluorinated Additives to the Ink Market......Page 169
References......Page 170
9.2 Purposes of Addition of Fluoropolymer Additives to Coatings......Page 172
9.4 Thermosetting Coating Parameters......Page 174
9.6 Fluoropolymer Types Used in Coatings......Page 177
9.8 Prevention of Staining of a Coating......Page 183
9.9 Commercial Fluoroadditive Products......Page 185
References......Page 186
10.2 Rubber Compositions and Compounding......Page 190
10.3 Characterization of Rubbers......Page 192
10.4 Fluorinated Additive Types......Page 194
10.5 Silicone and Fluorosilicone Rubbers......Page 199
10.6 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to Fluoroelastomers......Page 200
10.7 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to EPDM Rubber......Page 201
References......Page 204
11.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Processing Aids......Page 208
11.3 Important Applications of PPAs......Page 210
11.4 Select Applications of PPAs......Page 213
References......Page 223
PART 4 Compliance and Economics......Page 226
12.3 FDA Requirements for Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins for Food Contact......Page 228
12.4 Compliance of Commercial Micropowder Products......Page 229
Reference......Page 232
13.3 Thermal Properties of PTFE......Page 234
13.5 Safety Measures......Page 235
13.7 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods......Page 240
References......Page 241
Appendix 1: Food and Drug Administration......Page 244
§ 177.1556 Polyaryletherketone resins......Page 246
§ 177.1560 Polyarylsulfone resins......Page 247
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)......Page 248
Index......Page 302