Fluoride in drinking water : status, issues and solutions

Content: Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Global PerspectiveIntroductionDrinking-Water ScenarioGeogenic PollutantsFluoride in HumansGenesis of Fluoride in GroundwaterSummaryReferencesScenario of Fluoride PollutionIntroductionGlobal ScenarioSummaryReferencesDental FluorosisIntroductionDental Effects of FluorideDental Fluorosis: History and OccurrenceDevelopment of Dental FluorosisSummaryReferencesSkeletal FluorosisIntroductionAction of Fluoride on BoneFluoride Exposure Level and Skeletal FractureSkeletal FluorosisFluoride Level and Effects Related to Skeletal FluorosisSignificance of Other FactorsRecent DevelopmentsSummaryReferencesStress Effects of Fluoride on HumansIntroductionNonskeletal FluorosisFluoride and CancerFluoride and Gastrointestinal SystemOther Health EffectsSummaryReferencesFluoride in the Environment and Its Toxicological EffectsIntroductionSources of Environmental ExposureEnvironmental Transport, Distribution, and TransformationEnvironmental Levels and Human ExposureEffects of Fluoride on Laboratory Animals and in vitro SystemsEffect of Fluoride on Aquatic OrganismsEffect of Fluoride on PlantsEffect of Fluoride on AnimalsGuidelines Values and StandardsSummaryReferencesDefluoridation Techniques: An OverviewIntroductionCoagulationCo-precipitation of FluorideAdsorptionElectrochemical MethodsMembrane ProcessesDefluoridation Techniques: A SummarySummaryReferencesAdsorptive Removal of Fluoride: A Case StudyIntroductionMaterials and MethodsBatch StudiesTheoretical and Mathematical FormulationsResults and DiscussionsSummary of the Case StudyConclusions of the Case StudyReferences