Fluid Waste Disposal (Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology)

FLUID WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
ABSTRACT......Page 19
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2. Conductivity......Page 22
ELECTROCOAGULATION......Page 23
WITH ALUMINUM ELECTRODES......Page 24
ELECTROCOAGULATION MECHANISMS......Page 25
REACTIONS WITHIN THE ELECTROCOAGULATION REACTOR......Page 26
STIRRING RATE......Page 27
ELECTRODE PASSIVATION......Page 28
AREAS OF APPLICATION OF ELECTROCOAGULATION......Page 29
COLOR......Page 30
DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROCOAGULATION (EC)......Page 31
PHYSICAL DESIGN ISSUES......Page 32
SCALE-UP ISSUES......Page 33
EFFECT OF PH ON ELECTROCOAGULATION......Page 34
EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITY ON ELECTROCOAGULATION......Page 36
EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS......Page 38
EFFECT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODES......Page 39
EFFECT OF SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTES......Page 40
OPERATING COST ANALYSIS  OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESSES......Page 43
EFFECT OF CONNECTION MODES ON EC OPERATING COST......Page 44
EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITY ON EC COST......Page 45
EFFECT OF POLYELECTROLYTE  AND SE ON THE EC OPERATING COST......Page 46
What Is Wood Ash?......Page 48
Important Consideration of Wood Ash Leachate as Supporting Electrolyte......Page 49
ELECTRODES MASS LOSS......Page 58
OPERATING COST OF EC AIDED BY WOOD ASH LEACHATE AS SE......Page 59
CONCLUSION......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
1.1. Trends in Environmental Biotechnology......Page 67
1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Anaerobic Processes......Page 69
2.1. Environments of Occurrence......Page 70
2.2. Metabolic Processes Carried by SRB......Page 71
Factors influencing SRB growth......Page 73
2.3. SRB Isolation and Culture Methods......Page 75
3.1. Characteristics of Wastewater in Anaerobic Treatment......Page 77
3.2. Biotransformation of Solid Waste in Organic Wastewater......Page 81
3.3. Removal of Heavy Metals from Inorganic Wastewater......Page 83
3.4. Co-Existence and Competitions between of the Different Groups of Microorganisms under Anaerobic Conditions......Page 86
3.5. Biological Methods of Sulphide Treatment – By-Products of Sulphate Reduction (Photosynthesizing and Chemoautotrophic Bacteria)......Page 89
3.5.1. Microorganisms applied in biological hydrogen sulphide treatment.......Page 90
3.5.2. Application of photosynthesizing sulphur bacteria in removal of hydrogen sulphide from sewage......Page 91
4. CONCLUSION......Page 92
5. LITERATURE......Page 93
ABSTRACT......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
2.1. Materials......Page 104
2.2. Methods......Page 106
3.1.1. Effect of two acidic oxides on the physical characteristics of ceramsite......Page 108
3.1.2. Thermal properties (DT-TG) analyses......Page 109
3.1.4. Morphological structures (SEM) analyses......Page 112
3.1.5. Compressive strength analyses......Page 114
3.2.1. Effect of two basic oxides on the physical characteristics of ceramsite......Page 115
3.2.2. Thermal properties (DT-TG) analyses......Page 116
3.2.3. Crystalline phases (XRD) analyses......Page 117
3.2.4. Morphological structures (SEM) analyses......Page 118
3.2.5. Compressive strength analyses......Page 120
3.3.1. Effect of sintering temperature on stabilization of heavy metals......Page 121
3.3.3. Effect of oxidative condition on leaching behaviors of heavy metals......Page 124
4. CONCLUSION......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
ABSTRACT......Page 131
INTRODUCTION......Page 132
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, POTENTIAL EFFECTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS OF THE PFWS......Page 133
Weathering Processes......Page 134
Mixing of Effluents Discharged into the Marine Environment......Page 135
The dilution factor......Page 136
Effluent dynamics......Page 137
Densimetric froude number......Page 139
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF PFWS AT SEA......Page 140
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF PFW DISPERSION......Page 142
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO ASSESS THE FATE AND EFFECT OF PFW: THE CASE STUDY OF THE ADRIATIC SEA......Page 145
A case study : the Adriatic sea (Eastern Mediterranean)......Page 147
CONCLUSIONS......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
ABSTRACT......Page 155
INTRODUCTION......Page 156
CONVERSION OF SO2 TO SULFITE/ SULFATE......Page 158
BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION OF SULFATE/ SULFITE INTO SULFIDE......Page 159
FACTORS INFLUENCING SULFATE/ SULFITE REDUCTION......Page 160
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF METAL IONS......Page 161
BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION OF SULFIDE INTO ELEMENTAL SULFUR......Page 162
SULFIDE OXIDIZING BACTERIA......Page 164
Effect of Oxygen Rate......Page 165
Effect of Temperature......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
ABSTRACT......Page 173
2. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESSES......Page 174
2.1. Nitrification-Denitrification......Page 175
2.2. Partial Nitrification......Page 176
2.3. Anammox Process......Page 178
2.4. CANON Process......Page 180
2.5. Autotrophic Denitrification......Page 181
3.1. BABE (Bio Augmentation Batch Enhance)......Page 182
3.2. SHARON (Single-Reactor System for High Activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite)......Page 184
3.3. SHARON-Anammox......Page 186
3.4. ANANOX (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic)......Page 190
4.2. New Concept of WWTPs......Page 192
4.3. Ground Water Bioremediation......Page 193
4.4. Nitrate Removal from Recirculating Aquaculture Systems......Page 194
6. REFERENCES......Page 195
ABSTRACT......Page 199
1. MELANOIDIN PIGMENTS (MP)......Page 200
2.1. MP and MP Solution Preparation......Page 201
2.2. Screening Methods for Isolation of Microbial Strain Having MDA......Page 202
2.3. MDA in the Fungal Strain......Page 203
3. MECHANISM OF MICROBIAL MDA......Page 205
3.1. Microbial-Decomposition of MP......Page 206
3.2. Microbial-Adsorption of MP......Page 207
4.1. Application of Fungal Strain......Page 209
5. DISCUSSION......Page 210
6. CONCLUSION......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
ABSTRACT......Page 217
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 218
2.2. OMW Treatment by Fenton’s Reaction......Page 222
3.1.1. OMW from two phase process......Page 223
3.2. OMW Treatment by Chemical Oxidation (Fenton’s Reaction)......Page 226
3.3. OMW from Three Phase Process Treatment by Microalgae......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 231
ABSTRACT......Page 235
1.1.3. Pro aqua......Page 236
1.2.1. Comparison of Different Electrode Types......Page 237
1.3. Advanced Oxidation Process with Diamond Electrodes......Page 239
2.1.1. Introduction......Page 241
2.1.3.1. Bench-scale unit......Page 242
2.1.3.1.1. Anodic Oxidation......Page 243
2.1.5. Test series......Page 244
2.1.7. Analytics......Page 245
2.1.7.2. Complexing agents......Page 246
2.1.9. Summary......Page 247
2.2. Treatment of Oil-Water-Emulsions and Mixtures......Page 248
2.3. Treatment of Pesticides in Drinking Water Exemplified by Atrazine Contamination......Page 249
2.4. Disinfection of Tap and Drinking Water......Page 250
3. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK......Page 252
4. REFERENCES......Page 253
ABSTRACT......Page 255
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE......Page 256
DISPOSAL AND/OR UTILIZATION OF BIOSOLIDS......Page 257
EFFECTS OF BIOSOLIDS ON SOIL FERTILITY AND MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES......Page 258
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES......Page 262
Do the Benefits of Recycling Biosolids Outweigh the Risks?......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 264
ABSTRACT......Page 267
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 268
2.1. Design Criteria for Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant of IIT Delhi Nalla......Page 269
2.2. Design Parameters for Integrated Wastewater Treatment Plant for IIT Delhi Nalla......Page 272
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 273
CONCLUSIONS......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 283
2.1. Conventional Parameters......Page 285
2.2. Cod Fractionation......Page 287
3. INERT COD AS A PRACTICAL TOOL......Page 289
4. COD FRACTIONS OF DIFFERENT WASTEWATERS......Page 291
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
ABSTRACT......Page 297
INTRODUCTION......Page 298
MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 300
RESULTS AND DISCUSION......Page 302
Power Reduction......Page 304
Color Removal......Page 306
Total Solids......Page 307
SCALE-UP OF A PROTOTYPE FOR COLOR  REMOVAL......Page 309
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
ABSTRACT......Page 315
INTRODUCTION......Page 316
UGANDAN SCENARIO......Page 317
(a) Deforestation......Page 318
(c) Pollution......Page 320
(d) Population growth......Page 322
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
INTRODUCTION......Page 325
IMPACTS OF RECYCLING......Page 326
Cost Estimation Analyses......Page 327
Hemodialysis Wastewater Composition and Pollution Risk......Page 328
Cost Benefits......Page 329
REFERENCES......Page 331
ABSTRACT......Page 335
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 336
2.2. Adsorption of Heavy Metals......Page 337
2.6. Equilibrium Isotherms and Kinetics of Adsorption......Page 338
3.2. The Effect of the Initial pH......Page 340
3.4. The Effect of Adsorbent Dosage......Page 341
3.5. Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics of Adsorption......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 345
INTRODUCTION......Page 349
Analytical Methodology for the Control of DEHP, DIDP and DEHA......Page 351
Analysis by GC/MS of Standards......Page 352
Study of the Background Pollution......Page 355
Control in different mineral waters and tap water......Page 357
Control in wastewaters generated in PVC manufacturing and surrounding groundwater......Page 359
CONCLUSION......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 362
INDEX......Page 363