Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Cover
......Page 1
Title
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
Preface to the Second Edition 
......Page 5
Preface to the First Edition 
......Page 7
Contents
......Page 8
1.0 Introduction
......Page 17
1.2 Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
......Page 18
1.3 Dimensions and Units
......Page 19
1.5 Definition of Some Common Terminology
......Page 20
1.6 Vapour and Gas
......Page 21
1.7 Characteristic Equation for Gases
......Page 22
1.8 Viscosity
......Page 23
1.8.1 Newtonian and Non Newtonian Fluids
......Page 26
1.8.4 Significance of Kinematic Viscosity
......Page 27
1.8.5 Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids
......Page 28
1.9.1 Viscous Torque and Power—Rotating Shafts
......Page 29
1.9.2 Viscous Torque—Disk Rotating Over a Parallel Plate
......Page 30
1.9.3 Viscous Torque—Cone in a Conical Support
......Page 32
1.10.1 Surface Tension Effect on Solid-Liquid Interface
......Page 33
1.10.2 Capillary Rise or Depression
......Page 34
1.10.3 Pressure Difference Caused by Surface Tension on a Doubly Curved Surface
......Page 35
1.10.4 Pressure Inside a Droplet and a Free Jet
......Page 36
1.11 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
......Page 37
1.11.1 Expressions for the Compressibility of Gases
......Page 38
1.12.1 Partial Pressure
......Page 39
Solved Problems
......Page 40
Objective Questions
......Page 49
Review Questions
......Page 54
Exercise Problems
......Page 55
2.1 Pressure
......Page 58
2.2 Pressure Measurement
......Page 59
2.3 Pascal's Law
......Page 61
2.4 Pressure Variation in Static Fluid (Hydrostatic Law)
......Page 62
2.4.1 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Constant Density
......Page 63
2.4.2 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Varying Density
......Page 64
2.5 Manometers
......Page 65
2.5.1 Micromanometer
......Page 67
2.6 Distribution of Pressure in Static Fluids Subjected to Acceleration
......Page 69
2.6.1 Free Surface of Accelerating Fluid
......Page 70
2.6.2 Pressure Distribution in Accelerating Fluids along Horizontal Direction
......Page 71
2.7 Forced Vortex
......Page 74
Solved Problems
......Page 76
Objective Questions
......Page 87
Exercise Problems
......Page 90
3.0 Introduction
......Page 96
3.1 Centroid and Moment of Inertia of Areas
......Page 97
3.2 Force on an Arbitrarily Shaped Plate Immersed in a Liquid
......Page 99
3.3 Centre of Pressure for an Immersed Inclined Plane
......Page 100
3.3.1 Centre of Pressure for Immersed Vertical Planes
......Page 102
3.4 Component of Forces on Immersed Inclined Rectangles
......Page 103
3.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces
......Page 105
3.6 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids
......Page 108
Solved Problems
......Page 109
Review Questions
......Page 127
Objective Questions
......Page 128
Exercise Problems
......Page 131
4.1 Buoyancy Force
......Page 135
4.2 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies
......Page 137
4.3 Conditions for the Stability of Floating Bodies
......Page 139
4.4 Metacentric Height
......Page 140
Solved Problems
......Page 141
Review Questions
......Page 152
Objective Questions
......Page 153
Exercise Problems
......Page 155
5.0 Introduction
......Page 158
5.3 Flow of Ideal / Inviscid and Real Fluids
......Page 159
5.6 Laminar and Turbulent Flow......Page 160
5.8 Velocity and Acceleration Components......Page 161
5.9 Continuity Equation for Flow-Cartesian Co-Ordinates......Page 162
5.11 Concepts of Circulation and Vorticity......Page 164
5.12 Stream Lines, Stream Tube, Path Lines, Streak Lines and Time Lines......Page 165
5.13 Concept of Stream Line......Page 166
5.14 Concept of Stream Function......Page 167
5.15 Potential Function......Page 169
5.17.1 Source Flow......Page 170
5.17.3 Irrotational Vortex of Strength K......Page 171
5.17.4 Doublet of Strength A......Page 172
5.18.2 Source and Sink of Equal Strength with Separation of 2a Along x-Axis
......Page 173
5.18.7 Source and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise)......Page 174
5.19 Concept of Flow Net......Page 175
Solved Problems......Page 176
Objective Questions......Page 189
Exercise Broblems......Page 194
6.1 Forms of Energy Encountered in Fluid Flow......Page 196
6.1.2 Potential Energy......Page 197
6.1.4 Internal Energy......Page 198
6.3 Euler's Equation of Motion For Flow Along A Stream Line......Page 199
6.4 Bernoulli Equation for Fluid Flow......Page 200
6.5 Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line......Page 203
6.6 Volume Flow Through A Venturimeter......Page 204
6.7 Euler and Bernoulli Equation for Flow With Friction......Page 206
6.8 Concept and Measurement of Dynamic, Static and Total Head......Page 208
6.8.1 Pitot Tube......Page 209
Solved Problems......Page 210
Objective Questions......Page 229
Exercise Problems......Page 231
7.0 Parameters Involved in the Study of Flow Through Closed Conduits......Page 235
7.2 Boundary Layer Development Over A Flat Plate......Page 236
7.3 Development of Boundary Layer in Closed Conduits (Pipes)......Page 237
7.4 Features of Laminar and Turbulent Flows
......Page 238
7.6 Concept of "Hydraulic Diameter": (Dh)
......Page 239
7.7 Velocity Variation With Radius for Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Pipes......Page 240
7.8 Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Calculating Pressure Drop......Page 242
7.9 Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for Friction Drop......Page 244
7.10 Significance of Reynolds Number in Pipe Flow......Page 245
7.11 Velocity Distribition and Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Pipes......Page 246
7.12 Minor Losses in Pipe Flow......Page 247
7.13 Expression for the Loss of Head at Sudden Expansion in Pipe Flow......Page 248
7.15 Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line in Conduit Flow......Page 250
7.17 Concept of Equivalent Pipe or Equivalent Length......Page 251
7.18.1 Condition for Maximum Power Transmission......Page 254
7.19 Network of Pipes......Page 255
7.19.1 Pipes in Series-Electrical Analogy......Page 256
7.19.2 Pipes in Parallel......Page 257
7.19.3 Branching Pipes......Page 259
Solved Problems......Page 261
Objective Questions......Page 272
Exercise Problems
......Page 275
8.0 Introduction......Page 279
8.1 Methods of Determination of Dimensionless Groups......Page 280
8.3.1 Determination of π Groups......Page 281
8.5 Correlation of Experimental Data......Page 286
8.5.2 Problems with Two Pi Terms
......Page 287
Solved Problems......Page 289
Obejective Questions......Page 307
Exercise Problems
......Page 309
9.1 Model and Prototype......Page 312
9.2.2 Dynamic Similarity......Page 313
9.3.1 Flow through Closed Conduits
......Page 314
9.3.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies......Page 315
9.3.3 Flow with Free Surface......Page 316
9.3.4 Models for Turbomachinery......Page 317
9.4 Nondimensionalising Governing Defferential Equations......Page 318
Solved Problems......Page 319
Objective Questions......Page 331
Exercise Problems......Page 333
10.1 Boundary Layer Thickness......Page 337
10.1.2 Continuity Equation......Page 338
10.1.3 Momentum Equation......Page 340
10.1.4 Solution for Velocity Profile......Page 341
10.1.5 Integral Method......Page 343
10.1.6 Displacement Thickness......Page 346
10.1.7 Momentum Thickness......Page 347
10.2 Turbulent Flow......Page 348
10.3.1 Flow Around Immersed Bodies – Drag and Lift......Page 350
10.3.2 Drag Force and Coefficient of Drag......Page 351
10.3.3 Pressure Drag......Page 352
10.3.4 Flow Over Spheres and Cylinders......Page 353
10.3.5 Lift and Coefficient of Lift......Page 354
10.3.6 Rotating Sphere and Cylinder......Page 355
Solved Problems......Page 357
Objective Questions......Page 369
Exercise Problems......Page 372
11.2 Velocity Measurements......Page 375
11.2.1 Pitot Tube......Page 376
11.2.3 Hot Wire Anemometer......Page 378
11.2.4 Laser Doppler Anemometer......Page 379
11.3.2 Turbine Type Flowmeter......Page 380
11.3.3 Venturi, Nozzle and Orifice Meters......Page 381
11.4.1 Discharge Measurement Using Orifices......Page 383
11.4.2 Flow Measurements in Open Channels......Page 384
Solved Problems......Page 387
Review Questions......Page 395
Objective Questions......Page 396
Exercise Problems......Page 397
12.1.1 Characteristics of Open Channels......Page 399
12.2 Uniform Flow: (Also Called Flow at Normal Depth)......Page 400
12.3 Chezy's Equation for Discharge......Page 401
12.4.1 Bazin’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant......Page 402
12.4.2 Kutter’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant C......Page 403
12.4.3 Manning’s Equation for C......Page 404
12.5 Economical Cross-Section for Open Channels
......Page 406
12.6.1 Velocity of Wave Propagation in Open Surface Flow......Page 411
12.6.3 Energy Equation for Steady Flow and Specific Energy......Page 413
12.6.4 Non Dimensional Representation of Specific Energy Curve......Page 416
12.7.1 Flow Over a Bump......Page 420
12.7.2 Flow Through Sluice Gate, from Stagnant Condition......Page 422
12.7.3 Flow Under a Sluice Gate in a Channel......Page 423
12.8 Flow With Gradually Varying Depth......Page 425
12.8.1 Classification of Surface Variations......Page 426
12.9 The Hydraulic Jump (Rapidly Varied Flow)......Page 427
12.10 Flow Over Broad Crested Weir......Page 430
12.11 Effect of  Lateral Contraction......Page 431
Solved Problems......Page 432
Objective Questions......Page 446
Exercise Problems......Page 448
13.1 Impulse Momentum Principle......Page 451
13.1.1 Forces Exerted on Pressure Conduits......Page 452
13.1.2 Force Exerted on a Stationary Vane or Blade......Page 454
13.3 Force on a Moving Vane or Blade......Page 455
13.4 Torque on Rotating Wheel......Page 459
Solved Problems......Page 461
Exercise Questions......Page 466
14.1 Hydraulic Power Plant......Page 468
14.3 Similitude and Model Testing......Page 469
14.3.1 Model and Prototype......Page 473
14.3.2 Unit Quantities......Page 475
14.4 Turbine Efficiencies
......Page 476
14.5 Euler Turbine Equation......Page 477
14.5.1 Components of Power Produced......Page 478
14.6 Pelton Turbine......Page 480
14.6.1 Power Development......Page 482
14.6.2 Torque and Power and Efficiency Variation with Speed Ratio......Page 486
14.7 Reaction Turbines......Page 488
14.7.1 Francis Turbines......Page 489
14.8 Axial Flow Turbines......Page 496
14.9 Cavitation in Hydraulic Machines......Page 498
14.9 Governing of Hydraulic Turbines......Page 500
Worked Examples......Page 502
Review Questions......Page 529
Objective Questions......Page 530
Exercise Problems......Page 531
15.1 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 535
15.1.2 Classification......Page 537
15.2 Pressure Developed By the Impeller......Page 538
15.3 Energy Transfer by Impeller......Page 539
15.3.3 Losses in Centrifugal Pumps......Page 541
15.3.4 Effect of Outlet Blade Angle......Page 542
15.4 Pump Characteristics......Page 543
15.5 Operation of Pumps in Series and Parallel......Page 545
15.6 Specific Speed and Significance......Page 547
15.7 Cavitation......Page 548
15.8 Axial Flow Pump......Page 549
15.9.1 Fluid Coupling......Page 551
15.9.2 Torque Converter......Page 552
Solved Examples......Page 554
Objective Questions......Page 572
Exercise Problems......Page 573
16.2 Description and Working......Page 576
16.3 Flow Rate and Power......Page 578
16.3.1 Slip......Page 579
16.4 Indicator Diagram......Page 580
16.4.1 Acceleration Head......Page 581
16.4.2 Minimum Speed of Rotation of Crank......Page 585
16.4.3 Friction Head......Page 586
16.5 Air Vessels......Page 588
16.5.1 Flow into and out of Air vessel......Page 591
16.6 Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps......Page 592
16.6.3 Vane Pump......Page 593
Solved Problems......Page 594
Exercise Problems......Page 603
Appendix......Page 606
Index
......Page 611