Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer (Essential Engineering Calculations Series)

Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 20
INTRODUCTION......Page 22
I INTRODUCTION TO FLUID FLOW......Page 24
1.1 Introduction......Page 26
1.3 Chemical Engineering......Page 27
References......Page 29
2.1.1 Units and Dimensional Consistency......Page 32
2.2 Dimensional Analysis......Page 35
2.3 Buckingham Pi (π) Theorem......Page 36
2.4 Scale-Up and Similarity......Page 40
References......Page 41
3.1.1 Fluids......Page 42
3.2.1 Temperature......Page 43
3.2.2 Pressure......Page 44
3.2.4 Viscosity......Page 45
3.2.5 Surface Tension: Capillary Rise......Page 46
3.2.6 Newton’s Law......Page 49
3.2.7 Kinetic Energy......Page 51
3.2.8 Potential Energy......Page 52
References......Page 53
4.1 Introduction......Page 54
4.2 The Differences......Page 55
4.3 What is Engineering?......Page 57
References......Page 58
5.1 Introduction......Page 60
5.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity......Page 61
5.3 Viscosity Measurements......Page 66
5.4 Microscopic Approach......Page 69
References......Page 71
6.1 Introduction......Page 72
6.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 73
6.2.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids: Shear Stress......Page 74
6.3 Microscopic Approach......Page 76
6.3.1 Flow in Tubes......Page 77
6.3.2 Flow Between Parallel Plates......Page 78
References......Page 80
II BASIC LAWS......Page 82
7.2 Conservation of Mass......Page 84
7.3 Microscopic Approach......Page 92
References......Page 93
8.1 Introduction......Page 94
8.2 Conservation of Energy......Page 95
8.3 Total Energy Balance Equation......Page 98
8.3.2 The Bernoulli Equation......Page 102
References......Page 106
9.1 Momentum Balances......Page 108
9.2 Microscopic Approach: Equation of Momentum Transfer......Page 113
References......Page 119
10.2 Pressure Principles......Page 120
10.2.1 Buoyancy Effects; Archimedes’ Law......Page 125
10.3 Manomehy Principles......Page 128
Reference......Page 130
11.1 Introduction......Page 132
11.3 The Ideal Gas Law......Page 133
11.4 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior......Page 139
References......Page 142
III FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION......Page 144
12.1 Introduction......Page 146
12.2 The Reynolds Number......Page 147
12.3 Strain Rate, Shear Rate, and Velocity Profile......Page 149
12.4 Velocity Profile and Average Velocity......Page 150
Reference......Page 154
13.1 Introduction......Page 156
13.2 Friction Losses......Page 157
13.3 Tube Size......Page 159
13.4 Other Considerations......Page 161
13.5 Microscopic Approach......Page 165
References......Page 169
14.1 Introduction......Page 170
14.2 Describing Equations......Page 172
14.3 Relative Roughness in Pipes......Page 173
14.4 Friction Factor Equations......Page 174
14.5 Other Considerations......Page 176
14.6 Flow Through Several Pipes......Page 177
14.7 General Predictive and Design Approaches......Page 178
14.8 Microscopic Approach......Page 185
References......Page 189
15.2 Compressible Flow......Page 190
15.3 Sonic Flow......Page 191
15.4.1 Isothermal Flow......Page 194
References......Page 199
16.1 Introduction......Page 200
16.2 Gas (G)–Liquid (L) Flow Principles: Generalized Approach......Page 201
16.3 Gas (Turbulent) Flow–Liquid (Turbulent) Flow......Page 204
16.4 Gas (Turbulent) Flow–Liquid (Viscous) Flow......Page 207
16.5 Gas (Viscous) Flow–Liquid (Viscous) Flow......Page 209
16.6.1 Introduction......Page 211
16.6.2 Solids Motion......Page 212
16.6.4 Design Procedure......Page 213
16.6.5 Pressure Drop Reduction in Gas Flow......Page 214
References......Page 215
IV FLUID FLOW TRANSPORT AND APPLICATIONS......Page 218
17.1 Introduction......Page 220
17.2 Fans......Page 222
17.3 Pumps......Page 229
17.3.1 Parallel Pumps......Page 236
17.4 Compressors......Page 239
References......Page 240
18.1 Valves......Page 242
18.2 Fittings......Page 244
18.3 Expansion and Contraction Effects......Page 245
18.4 Calculating Losses of Valves and Fittings......Page 248
18.5 Fluid Flow Experiment: Data and Calculations......Page 257
References......Page 263
19.1 Introduction......Page 266
19.2 Manometry and Pressure Measurements......Page 267
19.3 Pitot Tube......Page 271
19.4 Venturi Meter......Page 275
19.5 Orifice Meter......Page 279
19.6 Selection Process......Page 283
Reference......Page 284
20.1 Introduction......Page 286
20.3 Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison......Page 287
20.4 Industrial Ventilation Systems......Page 289
References......Page 301
21 Academic Applications......Page 302
References......Page 318
22 Industrial Applications......Page 320
References......Page 341
V FLUID-PARTICLE APPLICATIONS......Page 342
23.2 Particle Classification and Measurement......Page 344
23.3 Drag Force......Page 348
23.4 Particle Force Balance......Page 353
23.5 Cunningham Correction Factor......Page 358
23.6 Liquid-Particle Systems......Page 364
23.7 Drag on a Flat Plate......Page 366
References......Page 368
24.1 Sedimentation......Page 370
24.2 Centrifugation......Page 377
24.3 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation......Page 378
24.4 Flotation......Page 382
References......Page 386
25.1 Introduction......Page 388
25.2 Definitions......Page 389
25.3 Flow Regimes......Page 393
References......Page 398
26.1 Introduction......Page 400
26.2 Fixed Beds......Page 401
26.3 Permeability......Page 405
26.4 Minimum Fluidization Velocity......Page 408
26.5 Bed Height, Pressure Drop and Porosity......Page 413
26.6 Fluidization Modes......Page 414
26.7 Fluidization Experiment Data and Calculations......Page 419
References......Page 424
27.1 Introduction......Page 426
27.2 Filtration Equipment......Page 427
27.3 Describing Equations......Page 432
27.3.1 Compressible Cakes......Page 440
27.4 Filtration Experimental Data and Calculations......Page 443
References......Page 445
VI SPECIAL TOPICS......Page 448
28.1 Introduction......Page 450
28.2.1 Recent Environmental History......Page 451
28.3 Environmental Management Topics......Page 452
28.4 Applications......Page 453
References......Page 466
29.1 Introduction......Page 468
29.2.1 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)......Page 469
29.2.2 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)......Page 470
29.3 Health Risk Assessment......Page 471
29.3.1 Risk Evaluation Process for Health......Page 473
29.4 Hazard Risk Assessment......Page 474
29.4.1 Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents......Page 475
29.5 Illustrative Examples......Page 477
References......Page 485
30.1 Introduction......Page 488
30.2 Teaching Ethics......Page 489
30.3 Case Study Approach......Page 490
30.4 Integrity......Page 492
30.5 Moral Issues......Page 493
30.6 Guardianship......Page 496
30.7 Engineering and Environmental Ethics......Page 497
30.8 Applications......Page 499
References......Page 501
31.1 Introduction......Page 504
31.2 Early History......Page 505
31.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations......Page 507
31.3.2 Gauss Elimination......Page 508
31.3.3 Gauss-Seidel......Page 512
31.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations......Page 513
31.5.1 Trapezoidal Rule......Page 518
31.5.2 Simpson’s Rule......Page 519
References......Page 521
32.1 Introduction......Page 522
32.2 The Need for Economic Analyses......Page 523
32.3.2 Compound Interest......Page 524
32.3.4 Evaluation of Sums of Money......Page 525
32.3.6 Fabricated Equipment Cost Index......Page 526
32.3.8 Present Net Worth......Page 527
32.3.11 Approximate Rate of Return......Page 528
32.3.13 Bonds......Page 529
32.4 Principles of Accounting......Page 530
32.5 Applications......Page 532
References......Page 539
33.1 Introduction......Page 542
33.2 Definitions......Page 543
33.3 Blood......Page 546
33.4 Blood Vessels......Page 547
33.5 Heart......Page 552
33.6 Plasma/Cell How......Page 557
33.7 Biomedical Engineering Opportunities......Page 560
References......Page 562
34.1 Introduction......Page 564
34.2 Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking......Page 565
34.3 Creativity......Page 566
34.5 Inquiring Minds......Page 567
34.6 Angels on a Pin......Page 568
34.7 Applications......Page 569
References......Page 574
APPENDIX......Page 576
INDEX......Page 596