Flax : the genus Linum

Cover......Page 1
ISBN   9780415308076......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 6
Preface to the series......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 4
Introduction......Page 12
Biological origins......Page 13
Ancient cultivation and processing of flax......Page 15
Flaxseed cereal dishes......Page 16
Flaxseed as an edible oil source......Page 17
Definition of functional food......Page 18
Dietary fiber......Page 19
Alpha-linolenic acid......Page 20
Lignans......Page 23
Flax fiber for fabric......Page 24
Maritime trade......Page 25
Flax as a preservative......Page 26
Summary......Page 27
References......Page 28
Introduction......Page 33
General description of the plant......Page 34
The stem......Page 37
The seed......Page 39
Phenotypic variation of cultivated flax......Page 41
The genus Linum L. in plant systematics and its geographical distribution......Page 43
1 Sect. Linum......Page 44
5 Sect. Syllinum Griseb.......Page 45
6 Sect. Cliococca (Babingt.) Planch.......Page 46
Nomenclature of cultivated flax......Page 47
Accepted scientific name of cultivated flax and synonyms......Page 51
Key for determination of the convarieties of L. usitatissimum......Page 52
Accepted scientific name of pale flax, the wild progenitor of cultivated flax, and synonyms......Page 53
In situ and ex situ conservation of flax germplasm......Page 54
Major ex situ collections of flax germplasm......Page 55
Characterization and evaluation of flax germplasm in ex situ collections......Page 56
Regeneration and storage of flax germplasm......Page 57
Conclusions......Page 59
References......Page 61
LIPIDS......Page 66
Protein......Page 67
Cyanogenic glycosides......Page 69
Lignans......Page 70
Isoprenoids......Page 77
Flavonoids......Page 78
References......Page 81
Russia......Page 85
North America......Page 87
India......Page 88
China......Page 89
Africa......Page 90
India......Page 91
Africa......Page 92
North America......Page 93
Basic tillage......Page 94
Fall tillage......Page 95
Russia......Page 96
Russia......Page 97
Seed preparation and seeding rates......Page 98
Russia......Page 99
Harvesting of oilseed flax......Page 100
References......Page 101
Introduction......Page 103
Causal agent......Page 104
Physiological races and host resistance......Page 105
Control......Page 106
Symptoms......Page 107
Causal agent......Page 108
Distribution and economic importance......Page 109
Control......Page 110
Distribution and economic importance......Page 111
Distribution and economic importance......Page 112
Distribution and economic importance......Page 113
Symptoms......Page 114
Symptoms......Page 116
Causal agent......Page 117
Control......Page 118
Control......Page 119
Symptoms......Page 120
Distribution and economic importance......Page 121
Causal agent......Page 122
Control......Page 123
Control......Page 124
Symptoms......Page 125
Distribution and economic importance......Page 126
References......Page 127
Pest distribution and host range......Page 135
Control methods......Page 136
Pest distribution and host range......Page 137
Inspection and diagnostic methods......Page 138
Pest distribution and host range......Page 139
Detection, inspection and diagnostic methods......Page 140
Control methods......Page 142
Pest distribution and host range......Page 143
Detection, inspection and diagnostic methods......Page 144
Control methods......Page 145
Economic impact......Page 146
Control methods......Page 147
Foliar caterpillars (climbing cutworms)......Page 148
Bollworms......Page 149
Plant bugs......Page 150
Grasshoppers......Page 151
Stem borers......Page 152
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 161
Metabolism of ALA......Page 162
Capacity to synthesize DHA......Page 164
Substrate inhibition......Page 166
Cofactor nutrients......Page 167
Whole body fatty acid balance analysis......Page 168
Accumulation of docosahexaenoate in infants......Page 169
Beta-oxidation and carbon recycling......Page 171
Food sources and intake of ALA......Page 173
ALA requirement and deficiency......Page 174
Function of ALA and omega3 polyunsaturates......Page 175
Early human development......Page 176
Human disease......Page 177
Cardiovascular disease......Page 178
Cancer......Page 179
Adiposity and fatty acid synthesis......Page 180
Conclusion......Page 181
References......Page 182
Introduction......Page 192
In vitro studies......Page 199
Animal studies......Page 200
Clinical studies......Page 202
Animal studies......Page 203
Animal studies......Page 204
Potential mechanisms......Page 205
Implications and conclusions......Page 208
References......Page 209
Flaxseed components and their pharmacological properties......Page 215
Flaxseed and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis......Page 216
Flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis......Page 218
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis......Page 219
Comments......Page 221
References......Page 222
Remnant nephron model......Page 225
Flaxseed in the experimental mouse model of lupus (MRL/lpr)......Page 228
Flaxseed dosing study in human lupus nephritis......Page 231
Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year crossover study......Page 232
Lignan precursor derived from flax in the MRL/lpr lupus mouse......Page 233
Polycystic kidney disease – humans and experimental animals......Page 234
Flaxseed dietary supplement in the Han:SPRD-cy rat......Page 235
References......Page 237
Analysis of lignans......Page 241
Conversion of plant lignans to mammalian lignans......Page 244
Metabolism of flax lignans by fecal flora......Page 245
Interconversion of enterolactone and enterodiol......Page 246
Oxidative metabolism of mammalian lignans......Page 247
Conjugation (excretion) reactions......Page 249
References......Page 251
Vitamin B6 antagonist......Page 254
Gums......Page 255
Acute toxicology......Page 256
Anaphylaxis and allergic reactions......Page 257
Cyanogenic glycosides......Page 258
Cadmium accumulation......Page 259
References......Page 260
Domestication......Page 263
Egypt......Page 264
Industrial uses......Page 265
Medical uses......Page 266
Medical and food uses......Page 267
Flax and Jewish law......Page 268
Medical uses......Page 269
Flax in the New World......Page 270
Human health......Page 272
Folklore......Page 274
References......Page 276
Supplemental literature......Page 278
Introduction......Page 279
Poultry meat......Page 280
Eggs......Page 281
Milk......Page 282
Summary......Page 283
References......Page 284
Global oilseed flax (linseed) production......Page 286
Price discovery and price protection for oilseed flax......Page 287
Hedging – an example......Page 288
Global supply and trade......Page 289
Exporters......Page 290
Linseed oil trade......Page 291
Commercial seed (grain)......Page 292
Linseed oil and meal......Page 294
Producing countries......Page 296
Increased use of flax oil in foods......Page 299
Nutraceuticals, functional foods and extractable components......Page 300
Acknowledgments......Page 301
References......Page 302
Monographs of Commission E......Page 303
Flaxseed......Page 304
Food and food-related uses......Page 305
References......Page 306