Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Biological Effects and Dietary Sources (Nutrition and Diet Research Progress)

FLAVONOIDS: BIOSYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND DIETARY SOURCES......Page 2
FLAVONOIDS: BIOSYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND DIETARY SOURCES......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ABSTRACT......Page 16
INTRODUCTION......Page 17
The Stomach......Page 20
The Small Intestine......Page 21
The Colon and Microflora......Page 30
DISTRIBUTION OF FLAVONOID METABOLITES ROUND THE BODY......Page 37
FLAVONOID BIOAVAILABILITY TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 38
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOID METABOLITES......Page 39
Quercetin/Flavonols......Page 43
Other Flavonoids......Page 44
CONCLUSION......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 47
ABSTRACT......Page 68
INTRODUCTION......Page 69
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF FLAVONOIDS......Page 70
Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE)......Page 74
Lipophilicity (Log P)......Page 76
HEALTH EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS......Page 77
CYTOPROTECTION ASSAY......Page 79
Assessment of Cell Viability......Page 80
Cell Death Index (CDI)......Page 81
Calculation of Log P......Page 82
Cytotoxic Effects of H2O2......Page 83
Structural Related Cytoprotective Activity of Flavonoids......Page 84
Effects of Hydroxyl Groups in the B Ring......Page 86
Effect of the 3-OH Group, 2,3-Double Bond and 4-Keto Group......Page 90
Effect of the Carbohydrate Moieties......Page 92
Correlation between O-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpy (BDE) and Cytoprotective Activity (EC50) of Flavonoids......Page 95
Correlation between Partition Coefficient (Log P) and Cytoprotective Activity (EC50) of Flavonoids......Page 97
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Model......Page 99
CONCLUSION......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
ABSTRACT......Page 112
INTRODUCTION......Page 113
 Profisetinindin and Prorobinetinidin Type Polyflavonoids......Page 114
Procyanidin and Prodelphinidin Type Polyflavonoids......Page 125
Colloidal State of Polyflavonoid Extracts......Page 132
RHEOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL POLYFLAVONOIDS......Page 133
ANTI-OXYDANT CAPABILITY OF POLYFLAVONOIDS......Page 141
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF POLYFLAVONOIDS......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 154
INTRODUCTION......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 187
ABSTRACT......Page 196
A) INTRODUCTION......Page 197
1. Anti-Initiation Activities of Phytonatural Compounds......Page 198
2. Anti-Promotion Activities of Phytonatural Compounds......Page 200
C) POLYPHENOLS AS CHEMOSENSITIZER AGENTS......Page 202
1. Phytochemical Combinations......Page 203
2. Polyphenols as Adjuvant for Chemosensitization......Page 204
3. Chemical Modifications of Natural Polyphenols to Improve Their Efficacy......Page 205
 E) PATTERN OF VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS......Page 208
1. Production Methods......Page 209
2. Modification of Structures......Page 211
3. Formulation......Page 213
4. Combination Treatment......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 217
ABSTRACT......Page 228
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 229
2.1. Animals......Page 230
2.4. Cytokine and NO Production......Page 231
3.1. Peritoneal Macrophages Viability......Page 232
3.2. ROS and NO Production by Peritoneal Macrophages......Page 233
3.3. TNFα and IL-6 Secretion from Peritoneal Macrophages......Page 234
3.5. Acute Paw Edema Induced by Inflammatory Mediators......Page 235
DISCUSSION......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 239
ABSTRACT......Page 246
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 247
2. PROOXIDANT/ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS......Page 248
3. FLAVONOIDS AS KINASE INHIBITORS......Page 250
4. FLAVONOIDS AS NUCLEAR RECEPTOR LIGANDS......Page 251
4.1. Flavonoids as Estrogen Receptor Ligands......Page 252
CONCLUSIONS......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
ABSTRACT......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 265
M. Laevigata Extract......Page 266
Mouse Phrenic Nerve-Diaphragm Muscle (PND) Preparation......Page 267
Experimental Design......Page 268
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 275
INTRODUCTION......Page 278
1. TEA POLYPHENOL CATECHINS......Page 279
2. SOY ISOFLAVONES......Page 280
4. ANTHOCYANINS......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
INTRODUCTION......Page 288
CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF FLAVAN-3-OL MONOMERS......Page 289
Oligomers of Flavan-3-ols (Harborne FRS JB and Baxter H, 1999)......Page 290
Chemical Properties......Page 293
Isolation and Identification Methods......Page 294
Determination of Polyphenol Contents......Page 295
Tea Polyphenols......Page 296
Flavan-3-ols in Wine......Page 298
Grape Tannins......Page 299
Cynomorium Tannins......Page 300
Distribution in Other Dietary Sources......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
ABSTRACT......Page 306
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 307
2. EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES  FOR CHEMOTAXONOMY......Page 308
3. APPLICATION OF CHEMOTAXONOMIC TECHNIQUES......Page 309
REFERENCES......Page 311
ABSTRACT......Page 316
FLAVONOIDS: SOURCE, CLINICAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES......Page 317
  ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOIDS – A REVIEW......Page 318
MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ITS’ APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOIDS IN PLANT EXTRACT AND METABOLITES IN VIVO......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 328
INTRODUCTION......Page 330
Antibacterial Test......Page 331
Isolation and Characterization......Page 332
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 333
CONCLUSION......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
2.1. Transporter-Mediated Absorption at the Cellular Level......Page 338
2.1.3. Bilitranslocase: An Anthocyanin-Specific Membrane Transporter......Page 339
2.2.3. Absorption of Anthocyanins into Intestinal Cell Monolayers: A Unique Role for Bilitranslocase?......Page 340
CONCLUSIONS......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
INDEX......Page 346