Flare System Process Design Manual

Cover......Page 1
Process Design Manual......Page 2
0.0 Areas For Further Improvements......Page 3
0.1 REV 1 LIST......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 6
1.1.3 Design Impact Factors......Page 27
1.1.4 Administrative Procedures......Page 29
1.2.1 Establish Design Philosophy and Standards......Page 30
1.2.2.1 Set Equipment Design Conditions......Page 31
1.2.2.4 System Review......Page 32
1.2.4.2 Preliminary Valve Sizing......Page 33
1.2.7 "As Purchased" Equipment Performance Review......Page 34
1.2.9 Monitor Design Changes......Page 35
1.2.10 Engineeering Documentation......Page 36
1.3.2 API Publications......Page 37
1.3.3 NFPA Standards......Page 38
1.3.8 American Welding Society (AWS)......Page 39
1.4.1 Establish Design Pressure of Vessels and Piping (Section 2)......Page 40
1.4.3 Select Type of Relieving Device (Section 3)......Page 41
1.4.5 Calculate Required Relief Device Orifice Area (Section 3)......Page 42
1.4.12 Review Depressuring Loads for Time Smoothing......Page 43
1.4.15 Select and Specify the Following Equipment where Appropriate (Section 8)......Page 44
1.4.16 Develop Flare Stack and Tip details (Section 9)......Page 45
Table 1.1 Presssure Relief System Design Responsibilities......Page 47
Table 1.2 Essential Criteria For Flare and Relief System......Page 53
Figure 1.1 Typical Relief System Engineering Schedule......Page 69
Figure 1.2 Typical Relief System Activity Flow Chart......Page 70
2.1.3 Settling Out Pressure......Page 71
2.1.5.1 Pressure Vessels......Page 72
2.1.5.2 Heat Exchangers......Page 73
2.1.6 Design Vacuum......Page 74
2.1.7 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)......Page 75
2.2.3.1 Design Temperature......Page 76
2.2.3.2 Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT)......Page 77
2.3.1 PSV Set Pressure for Vessels......Page 78
2.3.3 Permissible Overpressure or Accumulation......Page 79
2.3.7 Pressure Tolerances......Page 80
2.4 Equipment Rerating......Page 81
Figure 2.1 Typical Pressure Levels per API RP 521......Page 82
Figure 2.2 Allowable Design Stress Versus Temperature......Page 83
3.2 Types of Presssure Relief Devices......Page 84
3.2.3 Safety Relief Valves......Page 85
3.2.5 Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valves......Page 86
3.3 Codes and Standards......Page 87
3.3.3 ANSI/API Standard 526......Page 88
3.3.5 Testing and Certification......Page 89
3.4 Conventional Pressure Relief Valves......Page 90
3.4.1 Operating Characteristics......Page 91
3.4.3 Design Considerations......Page 92
3.4.3.1 Operating Pressure......Page 93
3.4.3.3 Inlet Loss......Page 94
3.4.3.4 Back Pressure......Page 95
3.5.1 Operating Characteristics......Page 96
3.5.3 Design Considerations......Page 97
3.6.2 Applications......Page 99
3.7 Special Features......Page 100
3.8 Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valves......Page 102
3.8.1.1 Piston Type......Page 103
3.8.1.3 Pilot Operating Description......Page 104
3.8.1.5 Flowing and Non-flowing Pilots......Page 105
3.8.2 Applications......Page 106
3.8.4 Special Features......Page 108
3.9.1 Operating Characteristics......Page 110
3.9.2 Applications......Page 114
3.9.3 Design Considerations......Page 115
3.9.5 Special Features......Page 117
3.10.1 Surface Condenser Pressure Relief Valves......Page 120
3.10.2 Sentinel Valves......Page 121
3.10.3.2 Non-Refrigerated Tanks......Page 122
3.10.3.3 Refrigerated Tanks......Page 124
3.10.5 Non-ASME Pressure Relief Valves......Page 125
3.10.6 Liquid Seals......Page 126
3.11.1 API Sizing Equations......Page 127
3.11.1.1 Vapor Equation - Critical Flow......Page 128
3.11.1.2 Effective Areas and Coefficient of Discharge......Page 129
3.11.1.3 Back Pressure Effects......Page 130
3.11.1.4 Subcritical Vapor Flow......Page 131
3.11.1.6 Liquid flow - Liquid Trim Relief Valves......Page 133
3.11.1.7 Liquid flow - Conventional Pressure Relief Valves......Page 134
3.11.2 Manufacturer's Equations......Page 135
3.11.3 Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valves......Page 137
3.11.5 Sizing Procedures......Page 138
3.11.5.3 Spring Opposed Pressure Relief Valves - Liquid Service/Liquid Trim......Page 139
3.11.5.4 Two Phase or Flashing Flow Service......Page 140
3.11.5.7 Safety Valves......Page 141
3.11.6.1 Rupture Disks as Primary or Secondary Relief Devices......Page 142
3.12 References......Page 143
Table 3.1 API Nozzle Sizes and Areas......Page 145
Table 3.2 Effective and Actural Areas/Coefficients of Discharge......Page 146
Figure 3.1Cross Section of Conventional Pressure Relief Valve......Page 147
Figure 3.2-A Operating Characteristics of Conventional Safety Relief Valves in Vapor Service......Page 148
Figure 3.2-B Operating Characteristics of Conventional Spring Opposed Pressure Relief Valve in Liquid Service......Page 149
Figure 3.2-C Operating Characteristics of Liquid Trim Pressure Relief Valve in Liquid Service......Page 150
Figure 3.3 Cross Section of Balanced Bellows Pressure Relief Valve......Page 151
Figure 3.4 Cross Section of Piston Type Pilot Operated Relief Valve......Page 152
Figure 3.5 Cross Section of Diaphragm Type Relief Valve......Page 153
Figure 3.6 Conventional tension Loaded Rupture Disks......Page 154
Figure 3.7 Prescored Tension Loaded Rupture Disks......Page 155
Figure 3.8 Composite Disks......Page 156
Figure 3.9 Reverse Buckling Disk with Knives......Page 157
Figure 3.10 Prescored Reverse Buckling Disks......Page 158
Figure 3.11 Graphite Disks......Page 159
Figure 3.12 Rupture Disk Telltale Installation......Page 160
Figure 3.13 K Versus Back Pressure for Conventional Pressure Relief Valves......Page 161
Figure 3.14 Back Pressure Sizing Factor K for Balanced Bellows Pressure Relief Valve......Page 162
Figure 3.15 Typical Back Pressusre Correction Factor (K) for Liquid Service Balanced Bellows Valve......Page 163
Figure 3.16 Typical Overpressure Correction Factor (K) For Cenventional Pressure Relief Valve in Liquid Service......Page 164
Figure 3.17 Rupture Disk Burst Pressure and Manufacturing Range Tolerances......Page 165
4.1.1.1 Material Balance Rates and Duties......Page 166
4.1.1.3 Loads Are Based on Individual Equipment or Process Limitations......Page 167
4.1.3 Utility Losses......Page 169
4.1.3.2 Loss of Electric Power......Page 170
4.1.3.3 Loss of Steam......Page 171
4.1.3.7 Loss of Inert Gas......Page 172
4.1.4 Unsteady State Conditions......Page 173
4.1.5 Block Valves, Check Valves and Control Valves......Page 174
4.1.5.4 Control Valve Bypasses......Page 175
4.1.5.5 Control Valve Limit Stops......Page 176
4.1.6.2 Inlet Control Valves that fail open......Page 178
4.1.7 Operator Intervention......Page 179
4.1.8.2 Shell and Tube Exchangers......Page 180
4.1.9 Use of DIERS Methodology......Page 181
4.2.1 General......Page 182
4.2.3 Utility Failure......Page 183
4.2.4.1 Reflux Failure......Page 184
4.2.4.4 Condenser Failure......Page 185
4.2.4.7 Automatic Process Conrol Failure......Page 186
4.2.6.2 Chemical Reactions......Page 187
4.2.7 Therman Expansion......Page 188
Table 4.1 Cubical Expansion Coefficient......Page 189
4.2.8 Chemical Reaction......Page 190
4.2.9.1 Entrance of Volatile Material into the System......Page 192
Table 4.2 Bases for Relief Capacities Under Selected Conditions......Page 193
4.3.1.2 Norman Heat and Material Balance......Page 196
4.3.2 Causes of Overpressure......Page 197
4.3.3.1 Basic Assumptions for Relief Case Heat and Material Balance......Page 198
4.3.3.2 Heat Balance for Upset Conditions......Page 199
4.3.4 Maxium Capacity......Page 206
4.3.5.1 Accumulation......Page 207
4.3.5.3 Relief Gas Physical Properties......Page 208
4.3.5.4 Impact of Upset conditions on Relief Requirements......Page 209
4.3.5.5 Special Considerations......Page 213
4.4.1.2 Start-of-Run and End-of-Run Conditions......Page 216
4.4.1.4 Alternate Operation Modes......Page 217
4.4.3.1 Basic Assumptions for Operational Upsets......Page 218
4.4.3.3 Condensation Curves......Page 219
4.4.4.2 Design Pressure Profile......Page 220
4.4.4.3 Relieving Pressure Profile......Page 221
4.4.5 Pressure Relief and Depressuring Facilities......Page 222
4.4.5.2 Location of Pressure Relief Valves......Page 223
4.4.5.3 Presence of Block Valves in the Loop......Page 224
4.4.5.5 Depressuring......Page 225
4.4.6 Maximum Capacity......Page 226
4.4.7 Determination of Relief Loads......Page 227
4.4.7.4 Recycle Compressor Failure......Page 228
4.4.7.7 Blocked Outlet......Page 230
4.4.7.9 Change in Feed Composition......Page 231
4.5.1 Blocked Discharge......Page 232
4.5.2 Thermal Relief......Page 233
4.6.1 Pumps......Page 234
4.6.2 Compressors......Page 235
4.6.3 Mechanical Driver Considerations......Page 236
Table 4.3 Condensing Turbines - Atmoshperic Safety Valve Sizes......Page 238
4.7 Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture......Page 239
4.7.1 Determining Required Relief Flow Rate......Page 240
4.7.2 Steady State Relief Analysis......Page 245
4.7.3 Dynamic Relief Analysis......Page 247
4.7.5 Double Pipe Exchangers......Page 248
4.8.1 Basic Assumptions for Fire Case Relief Analysis......Page 249
4.8.2.1 Background......Page 250
4.8.3.1 Determination of Wetted Area......Page 252
4.8.3.2 Insulation Credit......Page 256
4.8.3.3 Liquid Filled Systems......Page 257
4.8.3.5 Maintenance Isolation......Page 258
4.8.3.6 Determination of Latent Heat for Boiling Applications......Page 259
4.8.3.8 Latent Heat of Hydrocarbon/Water Mixtures......Page 260
4.8.3.9 Critical of Super-Critical Fluids......Page 261
4.8.4 Relief Loads for Vessels Containing Vapor......Page 262
4.8.5 Depressuring......Page 263
4.9 Chemical Reactions......Page 269
4.10.1.1 Pressure......Page 270
4.10.2.1 Causes of overpressure......Page 271
4.10.2.2 Determination of Required Venting Rates......Page 275
4.10.3.1 Causes of Overpressure of Vacuum......Page 276
4.10.3.2 Determination of Required Venting Rates......Page 280
4.10.4.1 Open Vents......Page 282
4.10.4.3 Normal Venting......Page 283
4.11 References......Page 284
Figure 4.1 Isothermal Flow of Compressible Fluids......Page 286
5.1 Introduction......Page 287
5.2.1 General Methodology......Page 288
5.2.2.1 Determination of Area Fire Loads......Page 289
5.2.2.2 Utility Failure......Page 290
5.2.2.3 Other Contingencies......Page 292
5.3 Flare Load Minimization......Page 293
5.3.1 Background......Page 294
5.3.2 System Design and Modifications......Page 295
5.3.3.1 Percentage Reduction......Page 296
5.3.3.2 Time Frame Analysis......Page 297
5.3.3.3 Response of Control Instruments......Page 298
5.3.4.1 Risk Concept......Page 299
5.3.4.2 Pump Driver Selection Philosophy......Page 301
5.3.4.3 Auto Start Spares......Page 302
5.3.4.4 Instrumentated Shutdown System......Page 306
5.3.4.5 High Integrity Protective Instrumentation Systems......Page 309
5.3.5.1 General......Page 310
5.3.5.2 Normal Control Response......Page 311
5.3.5.3 Non-Normal Automatic Instrumentation......Page 313
Table 5.1 Pump Autostart Load Reduction Credits......Page 315
Table 5.2 Dual Loop Shutdown System......Page 317
5.3.6.1 Individual Column Relief Loads......Page 319
5.3.6.2 Timing of Individual Relief Events......Page 321
5.3.7 Probability Analysis......Page 322
5.4 References......Page 323
Figure 5.1 Triple Loop Shutdown System......Page 325
6.2.1 Discharge to Atmosphere......Page 326
6.3 Hazard and Risk Assessment......Page 327
6.4 Environmental Factors......Page 328
6.5.1 General......Page 329
6.5.2 Atmospheric Release Criteria......Page 330
6.5.3 Safety Review......Page 331
6.6.2 Non-Hazardous Hydrocarbons......Page 332
6.6.5 Prevention of Liquid Releases......Page 333
6.6.6 Pressure Relief Device Failure......Page 334
6.7.3 Process Upsets......Page 335
6.8 Closed Disposal Sytems......Page 336
6.8.2 Flare Systems......Page 337
6.8.2.2 Viscosity and Solidification......Page 338
6.8.4 Incinerators and Burn Pits......Page 339
6.8.5 Liquid Handling Systems......Page 340
6.8.6 Treating Systems......Page 341
6.9.2 Intermediate Collection Systems......Page 342
6.9.3 Flare Systems......Page 343
6.9.4.1 Flare Gas Recovery Systems......Page 344
6.9.5 Incinerators......Page 348
6.9.6 Liquid Handling Systems......Page 349
6.9.7.1 High Temperature Relief Streams......Page 350
6.10 References......Page 352
Table 6.1 Typical Threshold Limit Values for Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals Found in Refineries......Page 354
Figure 6.1 Typical Flare Gas Recovery System......Page 355
Figure 6.2 Flare Gas Recovery Inlet Pressure Control System......Page 356
Figure 6.3 Typical Quench Drum......Page 357
Figure 6.4 Typical Scrubber System......Page 358
7.1.1 Piping Layout Guidelines......Page 359
7.1.2 Design Temperature......Page 360
7.1.5 Isolation Valves......Page 361
7.1.6 Design Criteria for Relief Valve Inlet Piping......Page 362
7.1.7 Design Criteria for Relief Headers......Page 363
7.1.8 Piping Metallurgy......Page 365
7.1.9 Winterization, Safety Insulation and Steam Tracing......Page 366
7.2.1.2 Basis......Page 367
7.2.1.3 Required Data......Page 369
7.2.1.4 Inlet Calculations......Page 370
7.2.1.5 Outlet Calculations......Page 372
7.2.1.6 Calculation Details......Page 374
7.2.2 Line Sizing of the Main Relief Header......Page 375
7.2.2.2 API Method......Page 377
7.2.2.4 Depressuring Lines......Page 379
7.3 Computer Modeling Of Flare Headers......Page 380
7.3.4 Pipe Roughness......Page 381
7.4.1 Design Discussion......Page 382
7.4.2.1 Flow Meter......Page 383
7.4.2.2 Dilution Method......Page 385
7.5.1.1 Design Discussion......Page 386
7.5.1.2 Gas Seals......Page 387
7.5.1.3 Water Seals......Page 388
7.5.2 Purge Gas......Page 390
7.5.2.1 Purge Gas Control System......Page 391
7.5.2.3 Upset Conditions Purge Gas Requirement......Page 392
7.5.2.4 Startup/Shutdown Purging......Page 393
7.6 References......Page 394
Table 7.1 PSV Inlet/Outlet Calculations, Design Criteria......Page 395
Table 7.2 Orifice/Inlet Area Ratio for Standard Relief Valves......Page 397
Table 7.3 Maximum Allowable Equivalent Lengths......Page 398
Table 7.4 Orifice/Outlet Area Ration for Standard Relief Valve......Page 399
Table 7.5 Typical Outlet Nozzle Lengths......Page 400
Table 7.6 Typical Reducer Angles......Page 401
Table 7.7 Typical Weld Neck Flange Lenghts......Page 402
Table 7.8 Typical Friction (f) Factors......Page 403
Figure 7.1 Baffle Type Seal......Page 404
Figure 7.2 Labyrinth Type Seal......Page 405
Figure 7.3 Vertical Water Seal Drum......Page 406
Figure 7.4 Flare Purge Gas Supply......Page 407
Figure 7.5 Typical Pressure Relief Valve Installation: Atmospheric (open) Discharge......Page 408
Figure 7.6 Typical Pressure Relief Valve Installation: Closed System Discharge......Page 409
Figure 7.7 Typical Pressure Relief Valve Mounted on Process Line......Page 410
Figure 7.8 Typical Pressure Relief Valve Mounted on Long Inlet Pipe......Page 411
Figure 7.9 Typical Pilot-Operated Pressure Relief Valve Installation......Page 412
Figure 7.10 Typical Rupture Disk Assembly Installed......Page 413
Figure 7.11 Typical Pressure Relief Valve Installation with an Isolation Value......Page 414
8.1.1 Purpose......Page 415
8.1.2 Design Parameters......Page 416
8.1.2.1 Horizontal Drum......Page 419
8.1.3 Design Details......Page 421
8.2.1 Purpose......Page 422
8.2.3 Design Details......Page 423
8.3.1 Purpose......Page 424
8.3.2.1 Vertical Water Seal Drum......Page 425
8.4.1 Purpose......Page 427
8.4.2 Design Parameters......Page 428
8.5 Pumps......Page 429
8.6 References......Page 430
Table 8.1 Table of Geometry for Circles and Arcs......Page 431
Figure 8.1 Typical Horizontal Knockout Drum......Page 435
Figure 8.2 Drag Coefficient, C......Page 436
Figure 8.3 Typical Horizontal Blowdown Drum......Page 437
Figure 8.4 Typical Horizontal Seal Drum......Page 438
Figure 8.5 Schematic for Combined Ground Flare and Elevated Flare......Page 439
Figure 8.6 Typical Operating and Emergency Flares......Page 440
Figure 8.7 Typical Quench Drum (Condensables)......Page 441
Figure 8.8 Typical Quench Drum (Emergencies)......Page 442
9.1.1 Selection of Flare Stack Location......Page 443
9.2.1 Discussion......Page 446
9.2.2 Elevated Flares......Page 447
9.2.3 Ground Flares......Page 448
9.2.4 Offshore Platform Flares......Page 449
9.3.2 H2S Flaring......Page 450
9.4.2 Nomenclature......Page 451
9.4.3 Stack Diameter......Page 455
9.4.4 Stack Height......Page 456
9.4.4.1 Data Required......Page 458
9.4.4.2 Procedure for Stack Height Calculation......Page 459
9.4.6 Equipment Surface Temperature......Page 463
9.5.1 Enclosed Ground Flares......Page 465
9.5.2 Open Pit Ground Flares......Page 467
9.6 Smokeless Flaring......Page 468
9.6.3 Air Assisted Flaring......Page 469
9.6.4 Miscellaneous......Page 472
9.6.5 Smokeless Flaring Control......Page 473
9.7.1 Flare Tip Characteristics......Page 474
9.7.2.2 Open Pipe Flare Tip with High Pressure Gas Injection......Page 475
9.7.4 Multi Tip Flares......Page 476
9.7.5 Coanda Flare Tip......Page 477
9.8.2 Noise Discussion......Page 478
9.9.2 Pressure Ignitor......Page 479
9.9.4 Atmospheric Ignitor......Page 480
9.10 References......Page 481
Table 9.1 Comparison of Flare Types......Page 483
Table 9.2A Lower Limits of Flammability of Gase and Vapors in Air......Page 484
Table 9.2B Lower Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors in Air......Page 485
Table 9.3 Recommended Surface Emissivity Values......Page 486
Table 9.4 Air Required for Stoichiometric Combustion of Gases......Page 487
Figure 9.1 Stack & Flame Geometry......Page 488
Figure 9.2 X Versus S......Page 489
Figure 9.3 Temperature of Steel VS Time of Exposure......Page 490
Figure 9.4 Typical Enclosed Groundflare Configuration......Page 491
Figure 9.5 Typical Burn Pit......Page 492
Figure 9.6 Typical Air-Assisted Flare System......Page 493
Figure 9.7 Steam/Hydrocarbon Ratio Versus Flare Gas Molecular Weight for Smokeless Flaring......Page 494
Figure 9.8 Conventional Pipe Flare......Page 495
Figure 9.9 Conventional Flare with Steam Water Spray......Page 496
Figure 9.10 High Velocity Tip......Page 497
Figure 9.11 Air Assisted Flare Tip......Page 498
Figure 9.12 Coanda Nozzle (Internal)......Page 499
Figure 9.13 Coanda Flare (External)......Page 500
Figure 9.14 Offshore Flare Support Types......Page 501
Appendix A Nomenclature......Page 503
Appendix B-1 Tower Relief Load......Page 507
Table B-1 Input Data......Page 518
Figure B1-1 Process Sketch......Page 520
Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 531
Appendix B-2 Reactor Loop Relief Load......Page 543
Reaction Section PFD......Page 545
Reactor Section Flows and Properties......Page 546
Appendix B-3 Ruptured Tube Relief Load......Page 547
Figure B3-1 Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture......Page 548
Figure B3-2 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 549
Appendix B-4 Fire Relief Load......Page 550
Figure B4-1 Fire Case Relief Load Calculations-Wetted Surfaces......Page 552
Appendix B-5 Rating of the Horizontal Flare K.O. Drum......Page 553
Table B5-1 Input Data......Page 554
Figure B5-1 Horizontal K.O. Rating Spreadsheet......Page 555
Figure B5-2 Horizontal K.O. Rating Spreadsheet......Page 556
Appendix B-6 Flare Radiation......Page 557
Table B6-1 Input Data......Page 559
Figure B6-1 Flare Radiation Calculations (B&S Method)......Page 560
Appendix B-7 Dynamic Simulation......Page 561
Table B7-1: Crude column Dynamic Simulation Problem Definition......Page 563
Table B7-2: Required Information......Page 567
Appendix B-8 Flare System Hydraulics Calculations......Page 570
Appendix C PSV Sizing Software......Page 572
Figure C.1 Typical Crosby PRV Report Sheet......Page 576
Figure C.2 Typical Consolidated SRV Sizing Report......Page 577
Figure C.3 Typical Anderson, Greenwood & Co PRV Report......Page 578
Appendix D-1 Flare System Calculation Spreadsheets......Page 579
Figure D1.1 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 582
Figure D1.2 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 583
Figure D1.3 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 584
Figure D1.4 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 585
Figure D1.5 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 586
Figure D1.6 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 587
Figure D1.7 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 588
Figure D1.8 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 589
Figure D1.9 Tower Relief Load Calculations......Page 590
Figure D1.10 Feed/Bottoms Heat Exchanger Rating......Page 591
Figure D1.11 Reboiler Thermal Rating......Page 592
Figure D1.12 Accumulator Surge Time......Page 593
Figure D1.13 Fire Case Relief Load Calculations-Wetted Surfaces......Page 594
Figure D1.14 Fire Case Relief Load Calculatons - Vapor Only......Page 595
Figure D1.15 Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture......Page 596
Figure D1.16 Flare Radiation Calculations......Page 597
Figure D1.17 Flare Radiation Calculations......Page 598
Figure D1.18 Flare Radiation Calculations (B&S Method)......Page 599
Figure D1.19 Flare Radiation Calculations (Simple Method)......Page 600
Figure D1.20 Flare Radiation Calculations (Kent Method)......Page 601
Figure D1.21 LHV or NHV Calculation Based on Average Molecular Weight......Page 602
Figure D1.22 Horizontal K.O. Rating Spreadsheet......Page 603
Figure D1.23 Users Guide: Pressure Relief Valve Data Sheet......Page 604
Figure D1.24 Pressure Reliev Valve Data Sheet & Preliminary Size Calculations......Page 605
Figure D1.25 Pressure Relief Valve Data Sheet......Page 606
Figure D1.26 Instrument Specifications......Page 607
Appendix D Typical Calculations......Page 608