Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining (2005)

Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Key aspects of flammability......Page 20
1.3 Standardized bench-scale flammability tests......Page 30
1.4 Standardized real-scale flammability tests......Page 33
1.6 Fire modeling as a complement to flammability testing......Page 34
1.8 References......Page 36
2.2 Temperature measurements......Page 41
2.3 Heat flux......Page 53
2.4 Mass......Page 58
2.5 Pressure......Page 59
2.6 Gas velocity......Page 60
2.7 Gas flow rate......Page 63
2.8 Light extinction......Page 66
2.9 Gas analysis......Page 69
2.10 Error and uncertainty of measurements......Page 77
2.11 References......Page 79
3.2 New European classes for the reaction to fire performance of building products......Page 84
3.3 Applications for different wood products......Page 86
3.4 Test results for different wood products......Page 93
3.5 Classification without further testing for wood products......Page 98
3.8 Nomenclature......Page 102
3.9 References......Page 107
4.1 Introduction......Page 109
4.2 Building regulations......Page 111
4.3 Modelling external fire spread......Page 113
4.4 Case studies of fires......Page 114
4.5 Full-scale or intermediate-scale test methods for facades......Page 120
4.6 Small- or bench-scale test methods used to classify external claddings......Page 127
4.7 Performance in selected test methods......Page 128
4.9 References......Page 136
5.1 Introduction......Page 142
5.2 BRANZFIRE model basis and principles......Page 146
5.3 Material properties......Page 148
5.4 Determining flame spread and fire growth......Page 149
5.5 Smoke development......Page 151
5.6 Model verification......Page 152
5.7 Conclusions......Page 163
5.8 Nomenclature......Page 164
5.9 References......Page 165
6.2 Typical fire problems related to sandwich panels......Page 168
6.3 Overview of major recent developments in fire test methods......Page 170
6.4 Overview of major test methods and approaches used by insurance companies......Page 174
6.5 Recent research related to sandwich panels......Page 176
6.6 Areas for further progress in testing of sandwich panels......Page 181
6.7 References and bibliography......Page 182
7.1 Introduction......Page 183
7.2 The role of upholstered furniture and mattresses in fires......Page 184
7.3 Description of the burning behaviour of upholstered furniture......Page 185
7.4 Standard test methods for upholstered furniture and mattresses......Page 192
7.5 Modelling of furniture fires......Page 197
7.6 Additional information......Page 202
7.8 References......Page 203
8.1 Introduction: fire hazards related to cables......Page 206
8.3 European Union requirements for cables......Page 209
8.4 Some results of research projects related to cables......Page 216
8.5 Areas for further development......Page 217
8.6 References......Page 218
9.1 Introduction......Page 219
9.2 Fire statistics......Page 221
9.3 Fire performance......Page 223
9.4 Standardisation/regulation......Page 229
9.5 Environmental considerations......Page 231
9.6 References......Page 232
10.1 Introduction......Page 236
10.2 United States flammability requirements......Page 237
10.4 European flammability requirements......Page 242
10.6 Chinese flammability requirements......Page 244
10.7 Future trends......Page 245
10.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 246
10.9 References......Page 248
11.2 Overview of large-scale tunnel experiments......Page 250
11.3 Description of large-scale tests......Page 257
11.4 Summation of measured HRR data......Page 282
11.5 Summation of the temperature data......Page 287
11.6 Summation of flame length data......Page 288
11.8 References......Page 290
12.1 Introduction......Page 294
12.2 FAA approvals for design and production of airplanes......Page 296
12.3 FAA fire test requirements inside the fuselage for transport category airplanes......Page 298
12.4 FAA fire test requirements outside the fuselage......Page 312
12.5 Future FAA directions......Page 317
12.6 References......Page 318
13.1 Introduction......Page 321
13.2 Regulated materials for flammability......Page 324
13.3 Definitions and terms......Page 326
13.4 Flammability tests and performance criteria......Page 327
13.5 Evaluated materials/products......Page 343
13.6 Future applications/trends......Page 350
13.7 Summary......Page 351
13.8 Sources of information......Page 352
13.9 References......Page 353
14.1 Introduction and history......Page 355
14.2 Small-scale testing......Page 362
14.3 Tests on assemblies......Page 368
14.4 Full-scale tests......Page 370
14.6 References......Page 376
15.1 Introduction......Page 380
15.2 Ships......Page 381
15.3 Submarines......Page 393
15.4 Future trends......Page 394
15.5 Conclusions......Page 398
15.6 References......Page 401
16.1 Introduction......Page 404
16.2 Heat-based methods: adiabatic and isothermal calorimetry......Page 407
16.3 Heat-based methods: differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)......Page 417
16.4 Heat-based methods: basket heating......Page 422
16.5 Heat-based methods: Chen's method......Page 426
16.6 Heat-based methods: crossing-point temperature (CPT)......Page 431
16.7 Non-heat-based methods: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)......Page 436
16.8 Non-heat-based methods: oxygen consumption and generation of gaseous oxidation products......Page 440
16.9 Non-heat-based methods: generation of solid oxidation products......Page 446
16.10 Advantages and drawbacks of the various test methods......Page 448
16.11 Conclusions......Page 454
16.12 Nomenclature......Page 455
16.13 References......Page 456
Index......Page 462