Fishes of the Dakotas

Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Chapter 1: Waters and Geology of the Dakotas
	1.1 The Dakotas
	1.2 Level III Ecoregions
		1.2.1 Lake Agassiz Plain
		1.2.2 Western Corn Belt Plains
		1.2.3 Northern Glaciated Plains
		1.2.4 Northwestern Glaciated Plains
		1.2.5 Northwestern Great Plains
		1.2.6 Nebraska Sand Hills
		1.2.7 High Plains
		1.2.8 Middle Rockies
	1.3 Major Rivers of the Dakotas
		1.3.1 Mississippi River Basin
			Missouri River Drainage (Mississippi River Basin)
				Missouri River System (Missouri River Drainage)
					Garrison Dam (Lake Sakakawea)
					Oahe Dam (Lake Oahe)
					Big Bend Dam (Lake Sharpe)
					Fort Randall Dam (Lake Francis Case)
					Gavins Point Dam (Lewis and Clark Lake)
				Little Missouri River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Knife River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Heart River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Cannonball River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Grand River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Moreau River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Cheyenne River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Bad River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				White River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Niobrara River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Ponca Creek System (Missouri River Drainage)
				James River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Vermillion River System (Missouri River Drainage)
				Big Sioux River System (Missouri River Drainage)
			Upper Mississippi River Drainage (Mississippi River Basin)
				Minnesota River System (Upper Mississippi River Drainage)
		1.3.2 Nelson River Basin
			Red River of the North Drainage (Nelson River Basin)
				Red River of the North System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Assiniboine River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
					Souris River Watershed
				Pembina River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Park River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Forest River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Turtle River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Goose River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Elm River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Sheyenne River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
					Devils Lake Watershed
				Wild Rice River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
				Bois de Sioux River System (Red River of the North Drainage)
	References
Chapter 2: History of Ichthyology in the Dakotas
	2.1 Prehistoric Fishes
	2.2 1800s
	2.3 Early 1900s
	2.4 Post-Reservoir Construction: 1950s to Today
	References
Chapter 3: Distribution and Status of Fishes in the Dakotas
	3.1 Distribution
	3.2 Unsubstantiated Species
	References
Chapter 4: Collection, Preservation, and Identification
	4.1 Collection
	4.2 Preservation
	4.3 Identification
	4.4 Equipment
	4.5 Body Plan
	4.6 Fins
	4.7 Scales
	4.8 Counts and Measurements
		4.8.1 Counts
		4.8.2 Measurements
	4.9 Dissection
	References
Chapter 5: Dichotomous Keys
	5.1 Key to the Families of Fishes in the Dakotas
	5.2 Key to Lampreys of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.3 Key to Sturgeons of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.4 Key to Paddlefish of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.5 Key to Gars of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.6 Key to Bowfin of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.7 Key to Eels of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.8 Key to Mooneyes of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.9 Key to Shad of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.10 Key to Thread Herrings of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.11 Key to Suckers of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.12 Key to Barbs and Carps of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.13 Key to Sharpbellies of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.14 Key to Minnows of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.15 Key to Catfish of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.16 Key to Pikes and Mudminnows of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.17 Key to Salmonids of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.18 Key to Smelts of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.19 Key to Trout-Perch of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.20 Key to Burbot of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.21 Key to Cichlids of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.22 Key to Topminnows of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.23 Key to Centrarchids of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.24 Key to Temperate Basses of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.25 Key to Percids of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.26 Key to Drums of North Dakota and South Dakota
	5.27 Key to Sticklebacks of North Dakota and South Dakota
	References
Chapter 6: Species Accounts
	6.1 Species Accounts
	6.2 Petromyzontidae, Lamprey Family
		6.2.1 Chestnut Lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus
		6.2.2 Silver Lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis
	6.3 Acipenseridae, Sturgeon Family
		6.3.1 Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens
		6.3.2 Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus
		6.3.3 Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
	6.4 Polyodontidae, Paddlefish Family
		6.4.1 Paddlefish Polyodon spathula
	6.5 Lepisosteidae, Gar Family
		6.5.1 Longnose Gar Lepisosteus osseus
		6.5.2 Shortnose Gar Lepisosteus platostomus
	6.6 Amiidae, Bowfin Family
		6.6.1 Emerald Bowfin Amia ocellicauda
	6.7 Anguillidae, Freshwater Eel Family
		6.7.1 American Eel Anguilla rostrata
	6.8 Hiodontidae, Mooneye Family
		6.8.1 Goldeye Hiodon alosoides
		6.8.2 Mooneye Hiodon tergisus
	6.9 Alosidae, Shad Family
		6.9.1 Skipjack Herring Alosa chrysochloris
		6.9.2 Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus
	6.10 Dorosomatidae, Thread Herring Family
		6.10.1 Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum
		6.10.2 Threadfin Shad Dorosoma petenense
	6.11 Catostomidae, Sucker Family
		6.11.1 River Carpsucker Carpiodes carpio
		6.11.2 Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus
		6.11.3 Highfin Carpsucker Carpiodes velifer
		6.11.4 Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus
		6.11.5 White Sucker Catostomus commersonii
		6.11.6 Blue Sucker Cycleptus elongatus
		6.11.7 Smallmouth Buffalo Ictiobus bubalus
		6.11.8 Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus
		6.11.9 Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger
		6.11.10 Silver Redhorse Moxostoma anisurum
		6.11.11 River Redhorse Moxostoma carinatum
		6.11.12 Golden Redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum
		6.11.13 Shorthead Redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum
		6.11.14 Greater Redhorse Moxostoma valenciennesi
		6.11.15 Plains Sucker Pantosteus jordani
	6.12 Cyprinidae, Barb and Carp Family
		6.12.1 Goldfish Carassius auratus
		6.12.2 Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
	6.13 Xenocyprididae, Sharpbelly Family
		6.13.1 Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella
		6.13.2 Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
		6.13.3 Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
	6.14 Leuciscidae, Minnow Family
		6.14.1 River Shiner Alburnops blennius
		6.14.2 Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum
		6.14.3 Largescale Stoneroller Campostoma oligolepis
		6.14.4 Northern Redbelly Dace Chrosomus eos
		6.14.5 Southern Redbelly Dace Chrosomus erythrogaster
		6.14.6 Finescale Dace Chrosomus neogaeus
		6.14.7 Lake Chub Couesius plumbeus
		6.14.8 Red Shiner Cyprinella lutrensis
		6.14.9 Spotfin Shiner Cyprinella spiloptera
		6.14.10 Bigmouth Shiner Ericymba dorsalis
		6.14.11 Spottail Shiner Hudsonius hudsonius
		6.14.12 Western Silvery Minnow Hybognathus argyritis
		6.14.13 Brassy Minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni
		6.14.14 Plains Minnow Hybognathus placitus
		6.14.15 Common Shiner Luxilus cornutus
		6.14.16 Sturgeon Chub Macrhybopsis gelida
		6.14.17 Shoal Chub Macrhybopsis hyostoma
		6.14.18 Sicklefin Chub Macrhybopsis meeki
		6.14.19 Silver Chub Macrhybopsis storeriana
		6.14.20 Northern Pearl Dace Margariscus nachtriebi
		6.14.21 Pugnose Shiner Miniellus anogenus
		6.14.22 Sand Shiner Miniellus stramineus
		6.14.23 Topeka Shiner Miniellus topeka
		6.14.24 Hornyhead Chub Nocomis biguttatus
		6.14.25 Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas
		6.14.26 Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides
		6.14.27 Blacknose Shiner Notropis heterolepis
		6.14.28 Carmine Shiner Notropis percobromus
		6.14.29 Silverband Shiner Paranotropis shumardi
		6.14.30 Mimic Shiner Paranotropis volucellus
		6.14.31 Suckermouth Minnow Phenacobius mirabilis
		6.14.32 Bluntnose Minnow Pimephales notatus
		6.14.33 Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas
		6.14.34 Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis
		6.14.35 Longnose Dace Rhinichthys cataractae
		6.14.36 Western Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys obtusus
		6.14.37 Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus
		6.14.38 Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus
	6.15 Ictaluridae, North American Catfish Family
		6.15.1 Black Bullhead Ameiurus melas
		6.15.2 Yellow Bullhead Ameiurus natalis
		6.15.3 Brown Bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus
		6.15.4 Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus
		6.15.5 Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
		6.15.6 Stonecat Noturus flavus
		6.15.7 Tadpole Madtom Noturus gyrinus
		6.15.8 Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris
	6.16 Esocidae, Pike and Mudminnow Family
		6.16.1 Redfin Pickerel Esox americanus
		6.16.2 Northern Pike Esox lucius
		6.16.3 Muskellunge Esox masquinongy
		6.16.4 Central Mudminnow Umbra limi
	6.17 Salmonidae, Salmon, Trout, and Char Family
		6.17.1 Cisco Coregonus artedi
		6.17.2 Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis
		6.17.3 Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii
		6.17.4 Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
		6.17.5 Kokanee Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka
		6.17.6 Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
		6.17.7 Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar
		6.17.8 Brown Trout Salmo trutta
		6.17.9 Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis
		6.17.10 Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush
	6.18 Osmeridae, Smelt Family
		6.18.1 Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax
	6.19 Percopsidae, Trout-Perch Family
		6.19.1 Trout-Perch Percopsis omiscomaycus
	6.20 Gadidae, Cod Family
		6.20.1 Burbot Lota lota
	6.21 Cichlidae, Cichlid Family
		6.21.1 Jack Dempsey Rocio octofasciata
	6.22 Fundulidae, Topminnow and Killifish Family
		6.22.1 Banded Killifish Fundulus diaphanous
		6.22.2 Northern Plains Killifish Fundulus kansae
		6.22.3 Plains Topminnow Fundulus sciadicus
	6.23 Centrarchidae, Sunfish Family
		6.23.1 Rock Bass Ambloplites rupestris
		6.23.2 Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus
		6.23.3 Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus
		6.23.4 Orangespotted Sunfish Lepomis humilis
		6.23.5 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus
		6.23.6 Redear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus
		6.23.7 Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu
		6.23.8 Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans
		6.23.9 White Crappie Pomoxis annularis
		6.23.10 Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus
	6.24 Moronidae, Temperate Bass Family
		6.24.1 White Bass Morone chrysops
		6.24.2 Yellow Bass Morone mississippiensis
		6.24.3 Striped Bass Morone saxatilis
	6.25 Percidae, Perch and Darter Family
		6.25.1 Iowa Darter Etheostoma exile
		6.25.2 Johnny Darter Etheostoma nigrum
		6.25.3 Yellow Perch Perca flavescens
		6.25.4 Logperch Percina caprodes
		6.25.5 Blackside Darter Percina maculata
		6.25.6 Slenderhead Darter Percina phoxocephala
		6.25.7 River Darter Percina shumardi
		6.25.8 Sauger Sander canadensis
		6.25.9 Zander Sander lucioperca
		6.25.10 Walleye Sander vitreus
	6.26 Sciaenidae, Drum and Croaker Family
		6.26.1 Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens
	6.27 Gasterosteidae, Stickleback Family
		6.27.1 Brook Stickleback Culaea inconstans
Glossary