Fish Waste to Valuable Products (Sustainable Materials and Technology)

Contents
Fish Waste Composition and Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Waste and Its Composition
	3 Techniques Involved in Treating Fish Waste
		3.1 Mechanical/Physical Method
		3.2 Chemical Method
		3.3 Biological/Enzymatic Method
	4 Potential Utilization of Fish Waste
		4.1 Fish Silage
		4.2 Animal Feed
		4.3 Fish Sauce
		4.4 Biofuel
		4.5 Cosmetics
		4.6 Value-Added Products
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Emerging Technologies for Processing of Fish Waste and By-Products
	1 Introduction
	2 The Need for New Extraction Techniques
		2.1 Solid–Liquid Extraction (SLE)
		2.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
		2.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
		2.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
		2.5 Pressurized Solvent Extraction (PSE)
		2.6 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction (PEF)
	3 Conclusion
	References
Emerging Nonthermal Technologies for the Processing of Fish Waste and By-Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Waste and By-Products
	3 Technologies for the Processing of Fish Waste and By-Products
		3.1 Conventional Approaches
		3.2 Nonthermal Technologies for Processing of Fish Wastes and By-Products
		3.3 Membrane Technology
		3.4 Cold Plasma (CP)
		3.5 Pulsed Electric Field
		3.6 High-Pressure Processing (HPP)
		3.7 Ozone Processing
	4 Future Perspectives and Challenges
	5 Conclusion
	References
Strategies to Recover Protein and Lipids from Fish Processing By-Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Proteins and Lipids in Fish By-Products
	3 Extraction Techniques for Protein
		3.1 Conventional Approaches
		3.2 Novel Techniques
	4 Extraction Techniques for Lipids
		4.1 Physical Method
		4.2 Chemical Method
		4.3 Biological Method
		4.4 Emerging Extraction Techniques for Lipids
	5 Practical Applications of Fish Proteins and Lipids
		5.1 Food Industry Applications
		5.2 Biofuel Applications
		5.3 Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Applications
		5.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges
	6 Conclusion
	References
Collagen and Gelatin from Fish Processing By-Products for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Extraction of Collagen and Gelatin from Fish Wastes
	3 Characteristics of Fish-Derived Collagen and Gelatin
	4 Recent Technological Innovations for the Fabrication of Scaffolds/Constructs from Fish-Derived Collagen and Gelatin
	5 Biomedical Use of Fish-Derived Collagen and Gelatin
		5.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
		5.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
		5.3 Dental Tissue Engineering
		5.4 Corneal Tissue Engineering
		5.5 Vascular Tissue Engineering
		5.6 Wound Dressing and Skin Tissue Engineering
		5.7 Drug Delivery
	6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Production of Antidiabetic Peptides from Fish Waste
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fish Waste
		1.2 Prevention and Pre-treatment of Diabetes
		1.3 Protein, Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides
	2 Bioactivity of Peptides
		2.1 In Vitro Studies
		2.2 Cell-Based Studies
		2.3 Human Studies
	3 Stability and Functionality in Food Matrices
	4 Bioavailability of Peptides
	5 Fish Protein Hydrolysates Market
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Enzymes from Fish Processing Waste Materials and Their Commercial Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Enzymes Recovery, Characteristics, and Applications from Waste Products of Fish Processing
		2.1 Proteases
		2.2 Lipases
		2.3 Transglutaminases
		2.4 Chitinase
	3 Conclusions
	References
Omega-3 Enriched Fish and Shellfish Oils: Extraction, Preservation, and Health Benefits
	1 Introduction
	2 Extraction of Oil from Fish and shellfish Processing Discards
		2.1 Conventional Methods of Oil Extraction
		2.2 Novel Extraction Processes
	3 Preservation and Stabilization of Oil Using Different Techniques
		3.1 Encapsulation
		3.2 Addition of Antioxidants
		3.3 Addition of Phenolic Compounds
	4 Active Components in Fish and Shrimp Oil
		4.1 Astaxanthin
		4.2 Squalene
		4.3 Vitamins
	5 Health Benefits of n-3 Fatty Acid-Enriched Oil and Active Components
		5.1 Cardiovascular Disease Treatment
		5.2 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects
		5.3 Mental Health and Brain Development
		5.4 Other Medical Conditions
		5.5 Dietary Recommendations of Fish Oil
	6 Future Prospects
	7 Conclusion
	References
Fish Waste and By-Product as a Source of Calcium
	1 Introduction
	2 Raw Materials as Calcium Source
		2.1 Fish Bone
		2.2 Fish Head
		2.3 Fish Scale
		2.4 Fish Waste Mixture
	3 Chemical Composition, Properties, and Bioavailability
		3.1 Chemical Composition
		3.2 Physiochemical Properties
		3.3 Calcium Bioavailability
	4 Extraction and Processing Method
		4.1 Chemical Method
		4.2 Enzyme Method
		4.3 Physical Method
	5 Calcium Products and Application
		5.1 Fish Bone Foods
		5.2 Powder/Paste/Slurry
		5.3 Calcium Supplements
		5.4 Hydroxyapatite Products
	6 Production Lines of Calcium Products
		6.1 Calcium Supplements
		6.2 HAP Products
	7 Conclusion and Prospect
	References
Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives from Seafood Waste and Processing Byproducts
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitin
		2.1 Chitin Structure and Physicochemical Properties
		2.2 Extraction of Chitin
		2.3 Chitin Derivatives
	3 Chitosan Structure and Physicochemical Properties
		3.1 Preparation of CS
	4 Derivatives of Chitosan: Process and Structural Characteristics
		4.1 Acylated Chitosan
		4.2 Carboxylated CS
		4.3 Quaternary Ammonium CS
		4.4 Hydrolysis of CS
	5 Bioactivities and Applications of CS and Its Derivatives
		5.1 Chitosan (CS)
		5.2 Acylated CS
		5.3 Carboxymethyl CS
		5.4 Quaternized CS
		5.5 Chitooligosaccharide
	6 Conclusion
	7 Future Prospects
	References
Biomedical Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Their Derivatives, and Processing By-Products from Fish Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan Processing
	3 Chitin/Chitosan from Aquatic Ecosystem
	4 Different Composite of Chitin and Chitosan
	5 Application in the Field of the Delivery System
	6 Application in Wound Healing
	7 Application in Cancer Diagnosis
	8 Application in Dentistry
	9 Other Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Apart from Biomedical Spheres
	10 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Utilization of Fish Waste and By-Products for Fish Meal Production as a Potential Feed Ingredient, Fish Waste to Valuable Products: Recent Applications and Research Update
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Status of Fish Meal Production
	3 Production Process of Fish Meal
	4 Nutritive Value of Fishmeal
		4.1 Proteins in Fish Meal
		4.2 Lipids in Fish Meal
		4.3 Mineral and Vitamins in Fish Meal
		4.4 Fishmeal Quality Analysis and Its Management
		4.5 Unknown Growth Factor in Fish Meal
	5 Fish Meal as Feed Ingredients
		5.1 Fish Meal in Aquafeed
		5.2 Fish Meal in Animal Feed
		5.3 Fish Meal in Poultry Feed
	6 Replacement of Fishmeal with Alternative Protein Sources
		6.1 Animal-Based Protein Sources
		6.2 Plant-Based Protein Sources
	7 Future Prospects
	8 Conclusion
	References
Fish Waste as a Potential Feed Ingredient for Fish Meal Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Waste and Byproducts
	3 Value-Added Fish Products
	4 Fish Waste to Fish Meal
	5 Factors Affecting the Production and Utilization of Fish Meal
	6 Suggestions and Conclusion
	References
Fish Wastes as Source of Fertilizers and Manures
	1 Introduction
	2 Proximate Composition of Fish Waste
	3 Synthetic Fertilizers and Their Hazardous Effects
	4 Application of Fish Waste as Fertilizer and Manure
	5 Procedure for Making Fish Waste as Fertilizers and Manures
	6 Advantages of Using Fish Waste: Economic Benefits and Prevention of Environmental Pollution
	7 Fish Wastes: A Successful Source of Manures—A Case Study
	8 Constraints in Using Fish Waste as Fertilizers and Manures
	9 Conclusion
	References
Using Fish Waste and By-Products for Manufacturing Organic Fertilizers and Manures
	1 Introduction
	2 Fisheries Production
	3 Fish Waste and By-Products
	4 Processing of Fish Waste
	5 Application of Fish Waste as Fertilizers
	6 Conclusion
	References
Quintessential Utilization of Non-edible Aquatic Biowaste: In Pursuit of a Paradigm Shift Toward Wealth (from Waste) in Aquaculture”
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Waste as a Secondary Source of Resource
	3 Waste Generated from Fisheries Sector
	4 Challenges and Negative Impact of Fish Waste
	5 Need for Waste Management
	6 Bioactive Compounds from Fish and Shellfish Waste
		6.1 Chitin and Chitosan
		6.2 Pigment Composition
		6.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
		6.4 Essential Amino Acids
		6.5 Alpha-Tocopherol
		6.6 Fish Calcium
		6.7 Carotenoproteins
	7 Role of Bioactive Substances from Fish Waste
		7.1 Antioxidant Activity
		7.2 Activities Against Microbes
		7.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
	8 Green Technologies for Efficient Utilization of Fish Waste
		8.1 As Feed Ingredients
		8.2 Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC)
		8.3 Bioremediation Agent
		8.4 Nutraceuticals and Flavoring Agent
		8.5 Removal of Metal and Dye from Wastewater
		8.6 Plankton Production in Aquaculture Ponds
		8.7 Energy Conversion Strategy
		8.8 Biodegradable Plastic Production
		8.9 Biogas Production
		8.10 Biofertiliser Production
		8.11 Bio-oil/biodiesel Production
	9 Recent Trends and Future Prospects in Aquaculture Research
	10 Conclusion
	References
Thermal Behavior and Physicochemical Properties of Fish Scales for the Generation of Value-Added Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermal Behavior of Fish Scales
	3 Physicochemical Properties of Fish Scales
	4 Combustion Process of Fish Scales in DTF (Drop Tube Furnace)
	5 Co-combustion of Fish Scales and Coal in Drop Tube Furnace (DTF)
	6 Other Applications for the Fish Scales Residues
		6.1 Fish Scales in Tissue Engineering
		6.2 Bioadsorbent for Mineral/Element Extraction
	7 Final Considerations
	References
Potential of Fish Waste for the Production of Sustainable Biogas and Biodiesel
	1 Introduction to Aquaculture and Fish Industry Waste Environmental Impacts
	2 Utilization of Fish Waste and Its Byproducts to Make Biofuels
	3 Production of Biodiesel and Characterization of Fish Waste
	4 Engine Performance and Emissions from Fish Waste Biodiesel
	5 Biogas Production from Fish Waste
	6 Possibility of Producing Bioenergy and Operating Internal Combustion Engine from Fish Waste Biogas
	7 Conclusion
	References
Fish Waste: Understanding the Pollution Potential and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Fish Production, Utilization and Waste Generation
	3 Means of Pollution by Fish Waste
	4 Impact of Pollution on Living Beings and the Environment
		4.1 Impact on Humans and Living Beings
		4.2 Impact on Environment
	5 Means to Minimize the Pollution
		5.1 Minimization of Fish Waste Generation/Cleaner Production
	6 Valorization of Fish Waste and Byproducts
	7 Laws and Legislations
	8 Conclusion
	References
Strategies to Reduce/Manage Fish Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Waste: From Marine Litter to Valuable Compounds
		2.1 Fish Waste in Worldwide
		2.2 Composition of Fish Waste
	3 Strategies to Reduce and Manage Fish Wastes
		3.1 Energy
		3.2 Biofertilizer
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Fish Waste and By-Product Utilization: A Circular Economy
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish Productivity
	3 Fish By-Products
	4 Utilization of Fish Waste
		4.1 Collagen
		4.2 Gelatin
		4.3 Chitin
		4.4 Fish Oil
		4.5 Biofuels
		4.6 Enzymes
		4.7 Bioactive Peptides
		4.8 Fertilizers
	5 Role of Fish Waste in the Circular Economy Era
	6 Conclusion
	References