Fish Vaccination

Content: Contributors xv     Preface xix     1 The History of Fish Vaccination 1  Roar Gudding and Thomas Goodrich     1.1 Introduction 1     1.2 Aquaculture 2     1.3 Immunology 2     1.4 Disease Prevention 3     1.5 Scientific Production - Reviews and Conferences 4     1.6 Successes and Failures 7     1.7 The Pioneers 7     1.8 Concluding Remarks 8     2 Vaccination as a Preventive Measure 12  Roar Gudding     2.1 Introduction 12     2.2 Biosecurity and Vaccination 13     2.3 Use of Vaccination in Aquaculture 15     2.4 Vaccination Against Different Diseases 16     2.5 Herd Immunity 17     2.6 Economic Considerations 18     2.7 Risk Assessment 18     2.8 The Market for Fish Vaccines 19     3 Non-replicating Vaccines 22  Hetron Mweemba Munang\'andu, Stephen Mutoloki and Oystein Evensen     3.1 Introduction 22     3.2 Classification 22     3.3 Inactivated Vaccines - Methods of Inactivation 24     3.4 Evaluation of Inactivation Efficacy 28     3.5 Measures of Efficacy for Inactivated Vaccines 28     3.6 Mechanisms of Vaccine Protection 29     3.7 Antibodies as Correlates of Protective Immunity 29     3.8 Antigen Dose as Correlate of Protective Immunity 30     4 Replicating Vaccines 33  Craig A. Shoemaker and Phillip H. Klesius     4.1 Introduction 33     4.2 Attenuation Strategies - Bacterial Vaccines 34     4.3 Attenuation Strategies - Viral Vaccines 38     4.4 Induction of Immunity 39     4.5 Vaccine Delivery 41     4.6 Vaccine Safety Considerations 41     4.7 Acknowledgement 41     5 DNA Vaccines 47  Eirik Biering and Kira Salonius     5.1 Introduction 47     5.2 Comparison of DNA Vaccines with Conventional Inactivated Products: Advantages and Disadvantages 48     5.3 DNA Vaccines for Veterinary Use 51     5.4 Biosecurity and Regulatory Considerations 52     6 Mucosal Vaccination of Fish 56  Jan H.W.M. Rombout and Viswanath Kiron     6.1 Introduction 56     6.2 History of \"Mucosal\" Vaccination 57     6.3 Mucosal versus Systemic Immunity in Fish 58     6.4 Immersion Vaccination 59     6.5 Oral Vaccination 60     6.6 Perspectives 64     7 Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines 68  Carolina Tafalla, Jarl Bogwald, Roy A. Dalmo, Hetron Mweemba Munang\'andu and Oystein Evensen     7.1 Introduction 68     7.2 Vaccine Formulations 69     7.3 Principles of Adjuvant Actions 70     7.4 Antigenic Component 70     7.5 Adjuvants 71     7.6 Antigen Delivery Systems 71     7.7 Delivery Vehicles 71     7.8 Emulsion Vaccines 72     7.9 Biodegradable Particulate Delivery Systems 74     7.10 Fusion Protein Delivery System 74     7.11 Immunomodulators 75     7.12 Stabilizers 81     7.13 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 81     7.14 Acknowledgements 81     8 The Innate Immune Response in Fish 85  Jorunn B. Jorgensen     8.1 Introduction 85     8.2 Innate Immunity: A Sensing and an Effector Arm 86     8.3 Professional Phagocytes: The Macrophages and the Neutrophilic Granulocytes 86     8.4 Natural Killer (NK)-Like Cells 88     8.5 The Sensing Arm of Innate Immunity 88     8.6 TLRs are the Best Studied PRRS in Fish 89     8.7 NOD-Like and RIG-I Receptors are Found in Fish 90     8.8 Lectins are Multifunctional Sensor Molecules for Carbohydrate Ligands 91     8.9 PRRs and the Induction of Immunity 92     8.10 Cytokines in Innate Immunity 92     8.11 Interferons 94     8.12 The Complement System 95     8.13 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 97     9 The Adaptive Immune Response in Fish 104  Stephen Mutoloki, Jorunn B. JOrgensen and Oystein Evensen     9.1 Introduction 105     9.2 Lymphocytes are the Key Cells of the Adaptive Immune System 106     9.3 Antigen Trapping and Activation of the Lymphocytes 106     9.4 Antigen Presenting Cells (APCS) of Myeloid Origin 107     9.5 Immunoglobulins and B Lymphocytes 108     9.6 T Lymphocytes 110     9.7 Cytotoxic T-Cells 111     9.8 Helper T-Cells 111     10 Development, Production and Control of Fish Vaccines 116  Dag Knappskog, Joseph Koumans, Inger Kvitvang, Arne Marius Fiskum and Rune Wiulsrod     10.1 Introduction 116     10.2 Manufacturing License 117     10.3 Vaccine Development 121     10.4 Development of Tests 122     10.5 Transfers 123     10.6 Manufacturing 124     11 Legal Requirements and Authorization of Fish Vaccines 128  Anja Holm, Byron E. Rippke and Ken Noda     11.1 Introduction 128     11.2 Manufacturer Authorization 128     11.3 Food Safety - Maximum Residue Limits 131     11.4 Genetically Modified Organisms 131     11.5 DNA Vaccines 132     11.6 Prohibition of Use of Certain Vaccines 132     11.7 Use of Vaccines that are not Authorized 132     11.8 Autogenous Vaccines 133     11.9 Regional Rules and Competent Authorities 133     11.10 The European Union and Connected EEA Countries 133     11.11 United States of America 135     11.12 Japan 137     11.13 Other Relevant Organizations: OIE, FAO, WHO 138     12 Vaccination Strategies and Procedures 140  Atle Lillehaug     12.1 Introduction 141     12.2 Timing of Vaccination 141     12.3 Water Temperature 142     12.4 Size of Fish 142     12.5 Vaccination Methods 143     12.6 Time for Protection to Develop - Duration of Protection 148     12.7 Booster Vaccination 149     12.8 Vaccination Economy 150     13 Side-Effects of Vaccination 153  Trygve T. Poppe and Erling O. Koppang     13.1 Introduction 153     13.2 Acute Side-Effects 154     13.3 Chronic Side-Effects 155     13.4 Injection Site Reactions 155     13.5 Extensive Abdominal Lesions 156     13.6 Lesions in Other Organs 158     13.7 Skeletal Lesions 159     13.8 Autoimmunity 159     13.9 Lesions in Non-Salmonid Species 159     14 Future Fish Vaccinology 162  Oystein Evensen     14.1 Molecular Technologies 162     14.2 Recombinant Vaccines 163     14.3 Marker Vaccines 166     14.4 Mucosal Vaccination 166     14.5 Vaccines Against Parasitic Diseases 167     14.6 Vaccines for Controlling Reproduction 167     14.7 Improved Formulations 168     14.8 Immunomodulation 168     14.9 Cytokines and DAMPS (Danger-Associated Molecular Pattern) as Adjuvants 169     14.10 Concluding Remarks 169     15 Vaccination against Vibriosis 172  Duncan J. Colquhoun and Atle Lillehaug     15.1 Vibriosis 172     15.2 Occurrence and Significance 173     15.3 Etiology 174     15.4 Pathogenesis 176     15.5 Vaccines 177     15.6 Vaccination Procedures 179     15.7 Vaccine Effect 179     15.8 Side-Effects 180     15.9 Regulations 180     16 Vaccination against Furunculosis 185  Paul J. Midtlyng     16.1 Introduction 185     16.2 Occurrence and Significance 186     16.3 Etiology 187     16.4 Pathogenesis and Virulence 187     16.5 Antigens 189     16.6 Vaccines 189     16.7 Vaccination Procedures 190     16.8 Effects 191     16.9 Side-Effects 192     16.10 Vaccination Against Atypical Furunculosis 192     16.11 Legal Aspects and Regulations 193     17 Vaccination against Photobacteriosis 200  Jesus L. Romalde     17.1 Occurrence and Significance 200     17.2 Etiology 202     17.3 Pathogenesis 202     17.4 Vaccines 204     17.5 Vaccination Procedures 205     17.6 Effect 206     17.7 Side-Effects 206     17.8 Regulations 207     18 Vaccination against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish 211  Phillip H. Klesius and Julia W. Pridgeon     18.1 Significance 211     18.2 Occurrence 212     18.3 Etiology 212     18.4 Pathogenesis 213     18.5 Virulence Factors 214     18.6 Vaccines and Immunity 214     18.7 Regulations (US) 220     18.8 Vaccination Practices 220     19 Vaccination against Yersiniosis 226  Andrew Bridle and Barbara Nowak     19.1 Yersiniosis 226     19.2 Occurrence and Significance 227     19.3 Etiology 227     19.4 Pathogenesis 228     19.5 Vaccines 229     19.6 Vaccination Procedures 230     19.7 Vaccine Effect 231     19.8 Side-Effects 232     19.9 Regulations 232     20 Vaccination against Streptococcosis and Lactococcosis 236  Julia W. Pridgeon and Phillip H. Klesius     20.1 Occurrence 236     20.2 Significance 236     20.3 Etiology 237     20.4 Pathogenesis 238     20.5 Vaccines 239     20.6 Vaccination Procedures and Vaccine Effect 240     20.7 Side-Effects 242     20.8 Regulations 242     21 Vaccination against Piscirickettsiosis 246  Sergio H. Marshall and Jaime A. Tobar     21.1 Occurrence and Significance 246     21.2 Etiology 247     21.3 Pathogenesis 248     21.4 Vaccines and Vaccination 248     21.5 Current Vaccine Status 249     21.6 Future Perspectives 251     22 Vaccination against Bacterial Kidney Disease 255  Diane G. Elliott, Gregory D. Wiens, K. Larry Hammell and Linda D. Rhodes     22.1 Introduction 255     22.2 Occurrence 256     22.3 Significance 256     22.4 Etiology 257     22.5 Pathogenesis 259     22.6 Vaccines 260     22.7 Vaccination Procedures 261     22.8 Vaccine Effects and Side-Effects 262     22.9 Regulations 264     22.10 Future Directions 264     23 Vaccination against Diseases Caused by Flavobacteriaceae Species 273  Krister Sundell, Eva Hogfors-Ronnholm and Tom Wiklund     23.1 Introduction 273     23.2 Bacterial Gill Disease (Flavobacterium branchiophilum) 274     23.3 Columnaris Disease (Flavobacterium columnare) 275     23.4 Bacterial Cold-Water Disease (Flavobacterium psychrophilum) 278     23.5 Tenacibaculosis (Tenacibaculum maritimum) 281     24 Vaccination against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis 289  Stephane Biacchesi and Michel Bremont     24.1 Occurrence and Significance 289     24.2 Etiology 291     24.3 Pathogenesis 292     24.4 Vaccines 293     24.5 Concluding Remarks 297     24.6 Acknowledgements 297     25 Vaccination against Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis 303  Espen Rimstad     25.1 Occurrence and Significance 303     25.2 Etiology 305     25.3 Pathogenesis 306     25.4 Vaccines and Vaccine Effect 306     25.5 Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses 309     25.6 Regulations 309     26 Vaccination against Infectious Salmon Anemia 313  Knut Falk     26.1 Occurrence and Significance 313     26.2 Etiology 314     26.3 Pathogenesis 315     26.4 Vaccines 316     26.5 Regulatory Issues 317     27 Vaccination against Koi Herpesvirus Disease 321  Arnon Dishon, Ofer Ashoulin, E. Scott Weber III and Moshe Kotler     27.1 Occurrence and Significance 321     27.2 Etiology 322     27.3 Pathogenesis 323     27.4 Vaccine and Vaccination 324     27.5 Efficacy 327     27.6 Safety 329     27.7 Regulatory Issues 330     28 Vaccination against Diseases Caused by Salmonid alphavirus 334  Emilie Merour and Michel Bremont     28.1 Occurrence and Significance 334     28.2 Etiology 335     28.3 Pathogenesis 338     28.4 Immunity and Vaccine Development 338     29 Vaccination against Diseases Caused by Betanodavirus 341  Sonal Patel and Audun H. Nerland     29.1 Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) 341     29.2 Occurrence and Significance 342     29.3 Etiology 342     29.4 Pathogenesis 343     29.5 Immune Status and Response to NNV 344     29.6 Vaccines 344     29.7 Replicating Vaccines 345     29.8 Inactivated Virus 347     29.9 Recombinant Protein/Peptide 347     29.10 DNA Vaccines 348     29.11 Future Prospects and Recommendations 349     30 Immunostimulation of Crustaceans 352  Indrani Karunasagar, Singaiah NaveenKumar, Biswajit Maiti and Praveen Rai     30.1 Introduction 352     30.2 Immune System of Crustaceans 353     30.3 Immunostimulants of Crustaceans 361     30.4 Acknowledgements 366     References 366     Index 373