First aid manual: the step-by-step guide for everyone

Contents 6
INTRODUCTION 10
1 BECOMING A FIRST AIDER 12
What is a first aider? 14
How to prepare yourself 15
Protection from infection 16
Dealing with a casualty 19
Requesting help 22
The use of medication 24
Remember your own needs 24
2 MANAGING AN INCIDENT 26
Action at an emergency 28
Traffic accidents 30
Fires 32
Electrical incidents 34
Water incidents 36
Major incident/Mass casualties 37
3 ASSESSING A CASUALTY 38
Assessing the sick or injured 40
Mechanisms of injury 42
Primary survey 44
Secondary survey 46
Headtotoe examination 49
Monitoring vital signs 52
4 THE UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTY 54
Breathing and circulation 56
Lifesaving priorities 57
Unconscious adult 62
Unconscious child 72
Unconscious infant 80
How to use an AED 84
5 RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS 88
The respiratory system 90
Hypoxia 92
Airway obstruction 93
Choking adult 94
Choking child 95
Choking infant 96
Hanging and strangulation 97
Inhalation of fumes 98
Drowning 100
Hyperventilation 101
Asthma 102
Croup 103
Penetrating chest wound 104
6 WOUNDS AND CIRCULATION 106
The heart and blood vessels 108
Bleeding and types of wound 110
Shock 112
Severe external bleeding 114
Internal bleeding 116
Impalement 117
Amputation 117
Crush injury 118
Cuts and scrapes 119
Bruising 119
Blisters 120
Infected wound 120
Foreign object in a wound 121
Scalp and head wounds 122
Eye wound 123
Bleeding from the ear 123
Nosebleed 124
Knockedout adult tooth 125
Bleeding from the mouth 125
Finger wound 126
Wound to the palm 127
Wound at a joint crease 127
Abdominal wound 128
Vaginal bleeding 128
Bleeding varicose vein 129
7 BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURIES 130
The skeleton 132
Bones, muscles, and joints 134
Fractures 136
Dislocated joint 139
Strains and Sprains 140
The nervous system 142
Head injury 144
Facial injury 146
Lower jaw injury 147
Cheekbone and nose injury 147
Collarbone injury 148
Shoulder injury 149
Upper arm injury 150
Elbow injury 151
Forearm and wrist injuries 152
Hand and finger injuries 153
Rib injury 154
Fractured pelvis 155
Back pain 156
Spinal injury 157
Hip and thigh injuries 160
Lower leg injuries 162
Knee injury 164
Ankle injury 165
Foot and toe injuries 166
Cramps 167
8 EFFECTS OF HEAT AND COLD 168
The skin 170
Assessing a burn 172
Severe burns and scalds 174
Minor burns and scalds 176
Burns to the airway 177
Electrical burn 178
Chemical burn 179
Chemical burn to the eye 180
Flash burn to the eye 181
Incapacitant spray exposure 181
Dehydration 182
Sunburn 183
Heat exhaustion 184
Heatstroke 185
Hypothermia 186
Frostbite 189
9 FOREIGN OBJECTS, POISONING, BITES & STINGS 190
The sensory organs 192
Splinter 194
Embedded fishhook 195
Swallowed foreign object 195
Foreign object in the eye 196
Foreign object in the ear 197
Foreign object in the nose 197
How poisons affect the body 198
Types of poisons 199
Swallowed poisons 200
Drug poisoning 201
Alcohol poisoning 202
Animal and human bites 203
Insect sting 204
Tick bite 205
Other bites and stings 205
Snake bite 206
Stings from sea creatures 207
Marine puncture wound 207
10 MEDICAL CONDITIONS 208
Angina 210
Heart attack 211
Stroke 212
Diabetes mellitus 214
Hyperglycemia 214
Hypoglycemia 215
Seizures in adults 216
Seizures in children 218
Fever 219
Meningitis 220
Fainting 221
Allergy 222
Anaphylactic shock 223
Headache 224
Migraine 224
Sore throat 225
Earache and toothache 225
Abdominal pain 226
Vomiting and diarrhea 227
Childbirth 228
Emergency childbirth 229
11 TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT 230
Removing clothing 232
Removing headgear 233
Casualty handling 234
First aid materials 235
Dressings 238
Cold compresses 241
Principles of bandaging 242
Roller bandages 244
Tubular gauze bandages 248
Triangular bandages 249
Square knots 250
Hand and foot cover 250
Arm sling 251
Elevation sling 252
Improvised slings 253
12 EMERGENCY FIRST AID 254
Action in an emergency 256
CPR for an adult 258
Chestcompressiononly CPR 258
CPR for a child 260
CPR for an infant 260
Heart attack 262
Stroke 262
Choking adult 264
Choking child 264
Choking infant 266
Meningitis 266
Asthma 268
Anaphylactic shock 268
Severe external bleeding 270
Shock 270
Head injury 272
Spinal injury 272
Broken bones 274
Burns and scalds 274
Seizures in adults 276
Seizures in children 276
Swallowed poisons 278
Hypoglycemia 278
First aid regulations 280
Index 282
Acknowledgments 288
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