Finite Element Analysis for Design Engineers

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
	1.1. What Is Finite Element Analysis?
	1.2. What Is the Place of FEA among Other Tools of Computer-Aided Engineering?
	1.3. Fields of Application of FEA and Mechanism Analysis
	1.4. Fields of Application of FEA and CFD
	1.5. What Is “FEA for Design Engineers”?
	1.6. Note on Hands-On Exercises
CHAPTER 2 From CAD Model to Results of FEA
	2.1. Formulation of the Mathematical Model
	2.2. Selecting the Numerical Method to Solve the Mathematical Model
		2.2.1. Selected Numerical Methods in CAE
		2.2.2. Reasons for the Dominance of FEM
	2.3. FEA Model
		2.3.1. Meshing
		2.3.2. Formulation of FE Equations
		2.3.3. Errors in FEA Results
	2.4. Verification and Validation of FEA Results
CHAPTER 3 Fundamental Concepts of FEA
	3.1. Formulation of a Finite Element
		3.1.1. Closer Look at Finite Element
		3.1.2. Requirements to be Satisfied by Displacement Interpolation Function
		3.1.3. Artificial Restraints
	3.2. Choices of Discretization
	3.3. Types of Finite Elements
		3.3.1. Element Dimensionality
		3.3.2. Element Shape
		3.3.3. Element Order and Element Type
		3.3.4. Summary of Commonly Used Elements
		3.3.5. Element Modeling Capabilities
CHAPTER 4 Controlling Discretization Errors
	4.1. Presenting Stress Results
	4.2. Types of Convergence Analysis
		4.2.1. h Convergence by Global Mesh Refinement
		4.2.2. h Convergence by Local Mesh Refinement
		4.2.3. Adaptive h Convergence
		4.2.4. p Convergence Process
		4.2.5. Choice of Convergence Process
	4.3. Discretization Error
		4.3.1. Convergence Error
		4.3.2. Solution Error
	4.4. Problems with Convergence
		4.4.1. Stress Singularity
		4.4.2. Displacement Singularity
	4.5. Hands-On Exercises
		4.5.1. HOLLOW PLATE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		4.5.2. L BRACKET01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		4.5.3. WEDGE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 5 Finite Element Mesh
	5.1. Meshing Techniques
		5.1.1. Manual Meshing
		5.1.2. Semi-automatic Meshing
		5.1.3. Automatic Meshing
	5.2. Mesh Compatibility
		5.2.1. Compatible Elements
		5.2.2. Incompatible Elements
		5.2.3. Forced Compatibility
	5.3. Common Meshing Problems
		5.3.1. Element Distortion
		5.3.2. Mesh Adequacy
		5.3.3. Element Mapping to Geometry
		5.3.4. Incorrect Conversion to Shell Model
	5.4. Hands-On Exercises
		5.4.1. BRACKET01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		5.4.2. CANTILEVER
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 6 Modeling Process
	6.1. Modeling Steps
		6.1.1. Definition of the Objective of Analysis
		6.1.2. Selection of the Units of Measurement
		6.1.3. Geometry Preparation
		6.1.4. Defining Material Properties
		6.1.5. Defining Boundary Conditions
	6.2. Selected Modeling Techniques
		6.2.1. Mirror Symmetry and Anti-symmetry Boundary Conditions
		6.2.2. Axial Symmetry
		6.2.3. Cyclic Symmetry
		6.2.4. Realignment of Degrees of Freedom
		6.2.5. Using Point Restraints to Eliminate Rigid Body Motions
	6.3. Hands-On Exercises
		6.3.1. BRACKET02—Mirror Symmetry BC
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.2. BRACKET02—Anti-symmetry BC
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.3. BRACKET02—Mirror Symmetry and Anti-symmetry BC
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.4. SHAFT01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.5. PRESSURE TANK
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.6. RING
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		6.3.7. LINK01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 7 Nonlinear Geometry Analysis
	7.1. Classification of Different Types of Nonlinearities
	7.2. Geometric Nonlinearity
	7.3. Membrane Stress Stiffening
	7.4. Contact
	7.5. Hands-On Exercises
		7.5.1. CANTILEVER BEAM
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.2. SHAFT02
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.3. ROUND PLATE01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.4. LINK02
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.5. SLIDING SUPPORT
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.6. CLAMP01
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
		7.5.7. CLAMP02
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 8 Nonlinear Material Analysis
	8.1. Review of Nonlinear Material Models
	8.2. Use of Nonlinear Material to Control Stress Singularity
	8.3. Other Types of Nonlinearities
	8.4. Hands-On Exercises
		8.4.1. BRACKET NL
			Objective
			Procedure
		8.4.2. L BRACKET02
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 9 Modal Analysis
	9.1. Differences between Modal and Static Analysis
	9.2. Interpretation of Displacement and Stress Results in Modal Analysis
	9.3. Modal Analysis with Rigid Body Motions
	9.4. Importance of Supports in Modal Analysis
	9.5. Applications of Modal Analysis
		9.5.1. Finding Modal Frequencies and Associated Shapes of Vibration
		9.5.2. Locating “Weak Spots” in Structure
		9.5.3. Modal Analysis Provides Input to Vibration Analysis
	9.6. Pre-stress Modal Analysis
	9.7. Symmetry and Anti-symmetry Boundary Conditions in Modal Analysis
	9.8. Convergence of Modal Frequencies
	9.9. Meshing Consideration for Modal Analysis
	9.10. Hands-On Exercises
		9.10.1. TUNING FORK
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.2. BOX
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.3. AIRPLANE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.4. BALL
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.5. LINK03
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.6. HELICOPTER BLADE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.7. COLUMN
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		9.10.8. BRACKET03
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
CHAPTER 10 Buckling Analysis
	10.1. Linear Buckling Analysis
	10.2. Convergence of Results in Linear Buckling Analysis
	10.3. Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
	10.4. Controlling an Onset of Buckling in Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
	10.5. Summary
	10.6. Hands-On Exercises
		10.6.1. NOTCHED COLUMN - Free End
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		10.6.2. NOTCHED COLUMN - Sliding End
			Procedure
		10.6.3. ROUND PLATE02
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		10.6.4. CURVED COLUMN
			Objective
		10.6.5. STAND
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		10.6.6. CURVED SHEET
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
CHAPTER 11 Vibration Analysis
	11.1. Modal Superposition Method
	11.2. Time Response Analysis
	11.3. Frequency Response Analysis
	11.4. Nonlinear Vibration Analysis
	11.5. Hands-On Exercises
		11.5.1. HAMMER - Impulse Load
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		11.5.2. HAMMER - Beating
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		11.5.3. ELBOW PIPE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		11.5.4. CENTRIFUGE
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		11.5.5. PLANK
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
CHAPTER 12 Thermal Analysis
	12.1. Heat Flow by Conduction
	12.2. Heat Flow by Convection
	12.3. Heat Transfer by Radiation
	12.4. Modeling Considerations in Thermal Analysis
	12.5. Challenges in Thermal Analysis
	12.6. Hands-On Exercises
		12.6.1. BRACKET04
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		12.6.2. HEAT SINK
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		12.6.3. CHANNEL
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
		12.6.4. SPACE HEATER
			Description
			Objective
			Procedure
			Comments
CHAPTER 13 Implementation of Finite Element Analysis in the Design Process
	13.1. Differences between CAD and FEA Geometry
		13.1.1. Defeaturing
		13.1.2. Idealization
		13.1.3. Cleanup
	13.2. Common Meshing Problems
	13.3. Mesh Adequacy
	13.4. Integration of CAD and FEA Programs
		13.4.1. Stand-Alone FEA Programs
		13.4.2. FEA Programs Integrated with CAD
		13.4.3. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Programs
	13.5. FEA Implementation
		13.5.1. Positioning of CAD and FEA Activities
		13.5.2. Personnel Training
		13.5.3. FEA Program Selection
		13.5.4. Hardware Selection
		13.5.5. Building Confidence in FEA
		13.5.6. Return on Investment
	13.6. FEA Project
		13.6.1. Before FEA Project Starts
		13.6.2. Establish the Scope of Analysis
		13.6.3. Create the Mathematical Model
		13.6.4. Create the Finite Element Model and Solve It
		13.6.5. Review the Results
		13.6.6. Presentation of the Results
		13.6.7. FEA Report
		13.6.8. Project Documentation and Backups
		13.6.9. Contracting Out FEA Services
		13.6.10. Common Errors in Management of FEA Projects
CHAPTER 14 Summary
	14.1. FEA Quiz
	14.2. Frequently Asked Questions
CHAPTER 15 FEA Resources
CHAPTER 16 Glossary
CHAPTER 17 List of Exercises
Index
About the Author
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