Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Asian Perspectives

Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Understanding the Context: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia
1 Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Opportunities and Challenges
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 International Initiatives for Promoting DRR and CCA Investment
	1.3 Current Scale and Estimate of Demand for DRR and CCA
		1.3.1 Current Scale of Investment in Flood Protection
		1.3.2 Estimation of Investment in Flood Protection and CCA
		1.3.3 Trends in Official Development Assistance for DRR
	1.4 Issues Affecting the Promotion of Investment in DRR and CCA
		1.4.1 Definition and Data Collection
		1.4.2 Harmonization of Response Activities, Recovery Efforts, and Development
		1.4.3 Justification of Investment in DRR and CCA
		1.4.4 Investment in Green Infrastructure as Innovative Measures
	1.5 About the Book
		1.5.1 Part I Understanding the Context: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia
		1.5.2 Part II Case Studies
		1.5.3 Part III Policy for Bridging Gaps
	References
2 Financing in Climate Change Adaptation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 International Agreements and Financial Flows from Developed to Developing Countries
		2.2.1 International Agreements
		2.2.2 Financial Flows Reported by the Developed Countries
		2.2.3 Criticism of the Amount of Assistance Reported for the Developed Countries
	2.3 Uncertainty in Financial Flows
		2.3.1 Targets for ODA
		2.3.2 What is Climate Change Financing?
		2.3.3 Rio Marker
		2.3.4 What is Adaptation?
	2.4 International Funds Related to Adaptation
		2.4.1 Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Funds Related to It for Adaptation
		2.4.2 Adaptation Fund (AF)
		2.4.3 Green Climate Fund (GCF)
	2.5 Private Financing
		2.5.1 Catastrophe Bonds (CAT Bonds)
		2.5.2 Resilience Bonds
	2.6 Discussion
	References
3 Recent Trends in Disaster Risk Reduction Investments: A Literature Review
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methodology
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Narrative Summary of the Literature Review
		3.3.2 Text Mining Analysis
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
Part II Case Studies
4 Exploring people’s Perception of Disaster Risk Reduction Investment for Flood Management: The Case of Jakarta Floods in Indonesia
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Investment for Floods in Jakarta
		4.1.2 People’s Perception of Floods in Jakarta
		4.1.3 Hypothetical Framework
	4.2 Method
		4.2.1 Participants
		4.2.2 Measures
		4.2.3 On-Line Survey Implementation
	4.3 Results
		4.3.1 Experience of Flooding
		4.3.2 Flood Risk Perception and Investment Need
		4.3.3 Cross Tabulation Between Investment Need and the Demographic Variables
		4.3.4 Correlation Analysis Between Investment Need, SCI, and CCRAM
		4.3.5 Multiple regression Analysis
	4.4 Discussion
	References
5 Factors Influencing Climate Change Adaptation Investment by Local Government Units in the Philippines
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
	5.3 Methods
	5.4 Results
	5.5 Discussion
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Financing Infrastructure of DRR: Possibility of Integrating Investments in Maintenance and DRR
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Existing Studies
		6.2.1 Optimal Management Policy
		6.2.2 Relationship Between Deterioration Condition and Damage by Earthquake
	6.3 Model and Optimal Repair Policy
	6.4 Case Study
	6.5 Implications from a Financing Perspective
	References
7 Financing Climate-Resilient Coasts: Tracking Multilateral Aid for Ocean and Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change in Asia-Pacific
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Blue Finance to Climate Change Adaptation
		7.2.1 Overview of Blue Finance
		7.2.2 Climate Change and Blue Financing
		7.2.3 The Role of International Aid in Ocean and Coastal Adaptation Actions
	7.3 Climate Change Adaptation of the Ocean and Coastal Zones in Asia–Pacific
		7.3.1 Fisheries and Aquaculture
		7.3.2 Urban Infrastructure
		7.3.3 Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Service
		7.3.4 Community Disaster Management
		7.3.5 Cross-Sectoral Approaches for Integrated Coastal Management
	7.4 Tracking Aid Projects for Ocean and Coastal Adaptation in the Asia–Pacific
		7.4.1 Methodology
		7.4.2 Project Identification
		7.4.3 Categorization by Sector and Approach
	7.5 Results
		7.5.1 Trends in Ocean and Coastal Adaptation Development Finance in the Asia–Pacific
		7.5.2 Sectoral Classification
		7.5.3 Mapping the Project Components
	7.6 Discussion
	7.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Early Recovery in Humanitarian Response—In the Cases of Four Disasters in the Asia-Pacific Region
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Humanitarian Leadership, Humanitarian Country Team, and the Humanitarian Cluster System
		8.2.1 Humanitarian Leadership, Resident Coordinator, and Humanitarian Coordinator
		8.2.2 Humanitarian Country Team (HCT)
		8.2.3 The Humanitarian Cluster System
		8.2.4 UNDAC
	8.3 Initial Humanitarian Response Planning
		8.3.1 Flash Appeal (FA)
		8.3.2 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP)
	8.4 Assessment and Analysis Process
	8.5 Reporting and Appeal
		8.5.1 Flash Appeal as a Financial Mobilization Tool
	8.6 Financing Sources
		8.6.1 Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)
		8.6.2 Humanitarian and Bilateral Development Donors
	8.7 Focus on Early Recovery as the Bridge Between Humanitarianism and Development
	8.8 Case Studies
		8.8.1 Typhoon Haiyan (2013) in the Philippines
		8.8.2 Cyclone Pam (2015) in Vanuatu
		8.8.3 Gorkha Earthquake (2015) in Nepal
		8.8.4 Sulawesi Earthquake (2018) in Indonesia
	8.9 Analysis and Findings
	8.10 Conclusion
	References
9 Is the Post Disaster Needs Assessment Important to Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation? Lessons from Indonesia and the Philippines Based on Literature Review
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Investment in DRR and CCA Written in PDNA Guidelines
		9.1.2 Investment in DRR and CCA Written in PDNA Reports
	9.2 Methods
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Cases of PDNA Implementation
		9.3.2 Legal System
		9.3.3 Problems Related to Implementation
		9.3.4 Methodology
		9.3.5 PDNA and Investment in DRR and CCA
	9.4 Conclusion
		9.4.1 Summary
		9.4.2 Discussions
		9.4.3 Future Research
	References
Part III Policy for Bridging Gaps
10 Estimating the Benefits of Flood Protection—Reviewing the Transition of the Cost–Benefit Analysis Manual in Japan and the Implementation Status of the International Flood Protection Project
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Objective
	10.3 Japan’s Investment in Flood Protection
	10.4 Positioning Cost–Benefit Analysis
	10.5 Methodology
		10.5.1 Reviewing the Revision Process of the Manual
		10.5.2 The Implementation Status of Cost–Benefit Analysis for JICA Projects
	10.6 Examination
		10.6.1 Changes in Flood Damage Estimation Methods
		10.6.2 The Process of Revising the Manual for Economic Survey on Flood Protection (Draft)
		10.6.3 Calculating Psychological Damage
	10.7 Case Study
		10.7.1 Chao Phraya River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan, Thailand (2018)
		10.7.2 Medjerda River Integrated Watershed Management and Flood Protection Study, Republic of Tunisia (2013)
	10.8 Conclusions
	References
11 Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Japan
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Initiatives for Green Infrastructure
		11.2.1 Green Infrastructure in Japan, Europe, and USA
		11.2.2 Green Infrastructure in Japan
		11.2.3 Green Infrastructure and Finance
	11.3 Practice of Nature-Based Solutions and Green Infrastructure—Case Studies of River Restoration
		11.3.1 Tashizen River Management (Nature-Oriented River Management [NORM])
		11.3.2 Disaster Recovery Projects and Nature-Oriented River Management
		11.3.3 Expansion into River Town Initiatives
		11.3.4 Watershed-Based Flood Management and Green Infrastructure
	11.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
12 Future Perspectives of Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Amount of Investment in DRR and CCA
	12.3 Issues to Be Resolved, Required Approaches, and Research Gaps
		12.3.1 Data Definition and Accurate Estimation of Financing DRR and CCA
	12.4 Harmonization of Pre-disaster, Response Activities, Recovery Efforts, and Development
		12.4.1 Imbalance in the Allocation of Assistance Funding Among the Pre-disaster and the Response and Recovery Phases
		12.4.2 Barriers to Accomplishing Continuity from Response to Recovery and Development
	12.5 Justification of Investment in DRR and CCA
		12.5.1 National Level
		12.5.2 Project Scale
		12.5.3 Resilient Infrastructure
		12.5.4 Factors Affecting Investment Needs
	12.6 Innovative Measures of Investment in DRR and CCA
		12.6.1 Issues Found
		12.6.2 Research Gaps
	12.7 Conclusion
	References