Field Work and Laboratory Experiments in Integrated Environmental Sciences

Preface
Contents
1 A Perspective on Integrated Environmental Studies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Concept of Integrated Environmental Studies of the K-INET
	1.3 How to Assess and Use Integrated Environmental Studies in Sustainable Development
	1.4 Education of Integrated Environmental Studies
	References
2 PM2.5 Pollution and Monitoring
	2.1 Overview of PM2.5
		2.1.1 Definition
		2.1.2 Sources
		2.1.3 Health Impacts
	2.2 PM2.5 Monitoring Methods
		2.2.1 Manual Monitoring
		2.2.2 Automatic Monitoring
		2.2.3 Portable Monitoring
	2.3 Application of PM2.5 Monitoring
		2.3.1 PM2.5 Inside and Outside a Primary School Classroom in Beijing
		2.3.2 Long-Term Monitoring of PM2.5 at KUWAMS
	References
3 Importance of Particulate Matter in Cloud Formation
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Factors Controlling the CCN Activity of Atmospheric Particles
	3.3 Sampling Techniques of Atmospheric Particles
		3.3.1 Sampling Location and Inlet System
		3.3.2 Atmospheric Particle Collection System
		3.3.3 Collection of Atmospheric Particles
		3.3.4 Analysis of Mass Concentration of Aerosol Particles
		3.3.5 Analytical Methods of Water-Soluble Ion Species in Atmospheric Particles
		3.3.6 Determination of Water-Soluble Species by IC
		3.3.7 Calculation of the Concentrations
	3.4 Temporal and Spatial Variations of Chemical Compositions in PM2.5 in Japan
		3.4.1 Sampling of Atmospheric Particles for Chemical Analysis
		3.4.2 Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter in Japan
	3.5 In-Situ Counting Techniques of Atmospheric Particles
		3.5.1 Mie Scattering Theory
		3.5.2 Optical Particle Counters
		3.5.3 Condensation Particle Counters
	3.6 Spatial and Temporal Variation of CCN Concentrations
	3.7 Future Implications
	References
4 Biodiversity of Marine Animals: Introduction to Marine Animals with a Focus on Taxonomy
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Taxonomic Rank
		4.1.2 Basic Body Plans of Animals
		4.1.3 Protostomes and Deuterostomes
	4.2 Classification of Animals
		4.2.1 Phylum Porifera
		4.2.2 Phylum Cnidaria
		4.2.3 Phylum Ctenophora
		4.2.4 Phylum Platyhelminthes
		4.2.5 Phylum Nemertea (Nemertini)
		4.2.6 Phylum Annelida
		4.2.7 Phylum Mollusca
		4.2.8 Phylum Entoprocta
		4.2.9 Phylum Rotifera
		4.2.10 Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) and Related Phyla
		4.2.11 Phylum Chaetognatha
		4.2.12 Phylum Nematoda
		4.2.13 Phylum Arthropoda
		4.2.14 Phylum Echinodermata
		4.2.15 Phylum Hemichordata
		4.2.16 Phylum Chordata
	References
5 Observation of Marine Invertebrates in the Noto Peninsula
	5.1 General Description of the Noto Peninsula and the Sea of Japan
	5.2 Features of the Intertidal Zone in the Sea of Japan
	5.3 Plankton and Benthos
	5.4 Collecting Benthic Animals from the Intertidal Zone
		5.4.1 Equipment Required for the Observation and Collection of Marine Animals
		5.4.2 How to Collect Benthic Animals in the Intertidal Zone
		5.4.3 Dangerous Animals
	5.5 Benthos Sampling Using a Dredge
	5.6 Plankton in Tsukumo Bay
		5.6.1 What is Plankton?
		5.6.2 Plankton Sampling
	References
6 Assessing the Influence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Aquatic Animals
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 PAH Bioassay Using Aquatic Animals
	6.3 Influence of PAHs on Sea Urchin Fertilization
		6.3.1 Observation of Normal Fertilization in Sea Urchins
		6.3.2 Sea Urchin Fertilization Bioassay to Evaluate PAH Toxicity
	6.4 Assess the Effect of PAHs on Medaka Oryzias Latipes Embryos
		6.4.1 Test Organism
		6.4.2 Preparation of the Exposure Solution
		6.4.3 Prepare the Embedding Medium
		6.4.4 Injection Volume and Exposure Concentration
		6.4.5 Fabrication of Microneedles for Nanoinjection
		6.4.6 Egg Preparation
		6.4.7 Expose Medaka Embryos to Test Chemicals Using Nanoinjection
	6.5 Assess the Effect of PAH Exposure on Fish Scales
		6.5.1 In Vitro Fish Scale Bioassay
		6.5.2 Analyze PAH-Contaminated Seawater Using the Fish Scale Bioassay
	References
7 Submarine Ground-Water Discharge Assessment by 222Rn Measurement
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Drivers of SGD
	7.3 Physical Structure of Coastal Seas
	7.4 222Rn as an SGD Tracer
	7.5 Water Sampling for 222Rn Analysis
	7.6 222Rn Analysis
	7.7 222Rn and Salinity Mass-Balance Model
	References
8 Measuring Water Chemistry of Terrestrial Water
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 On-Site Measurements
		8.2.1 Preparation for Electrodes
		8.2.2 On-Site Measurement of Temperature, pH, ORP, EC, and DO
		8.2.3 Measurement of Alkalinity
	8.3 Collection of Water Samples
		8.3.1 Preparation of Sampling Bottles
		8.3.2 Sampling of Water
	8.4 Measurements in the Laboratory
		8.4.1 ICP-OES
		8.4.2 Ion Chromatography
		8.4.3 Accuracy of Measurements
	8.5 Speciation Analysis of Water Chemistry
	References
9 Low-Background γ-Spectrometry in Ogoya Underground Laboratory, Ishikawa, Japan
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Histories of Ogoya Copper Mine and OUL
	9.3 Features of the OUL for Low-Background Counting
		9.3.1 Improvements of Detection Limit
		9.3.2 Effects of Underground Laboratory
		9.3.3 Special Shield for the Detectors
		9.3.4 Small Radon Effect by Tunnel Air
		9.3.5 γ-Spectra in the OUL
		9.3.6 Background of γ-spectra
		9.3.7 Application to Actual Samples
	9.4 Significant Research Conducted at the OUL
	9.5 Social Contributions
	References
10 Monitoring Hydro-Geomorphological Processes in Lake-Catchment Systems Through Lacustrine Sediments
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Sampling of Lacustrine Sediments
	10.3 Analytical Methods of Physical Properties of Lacustrine Sediments
		10.3.1 Grain Size
		10.3.2 Sediment Density
		10.3.3 Water Content
	10.4 Dating of Lacustrine Sediments
		10.4.1 210Pb Method
		10.4.2 137Cs Method
		10.4.3 Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating
		10.4.4 Radiocarbon Dating
	10.5 Interpretation of Analytical Data
	References
11 Assessing Stream Water Quality Using Macroinvertebrates
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Macroinvertebrates
	11.3 Stream Habitats
	11.4 Biomonitoring Methods for Stream Water Quality
		11.4.1 Measures of Richness
		11.4.2 Diversity Indices
		11.4.3 Biotic Indices
	11.5 Field Methods
		11.5.1 Field Sampling, Sorting, and Identification
		11.5.2 Data Analyses
		11.5.3 Survey Equipment
	11.6 Reference Books
	11.7 Database Method
	11.8 Questions
	11.9 Permissions and Natural Hazards
		11.9.1 Permissions
		11.9.2 Natural Hazards
	Appendix
	References
12 Vegetation Surveys, Environmental Measurement, and Analysis: Biodiversity Conservation in Satoyama
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 What is Satoyama?
		12.1.2 Challenges Facing Conservation of Biodiversity in Satoyama
	12.2 Setting a Research Hypothesis
		12.2.1 Defining the Scope of Your Research Project in a Summer School
		12.2.2 Establishing the Research Questions and Hypothesis
	12.3 Study Design and Methodology
		12.3.1 Study Design for Vegetation Surveys
		12.3.2 Precautions for Sampling Design
		12.3.3 Measurement of Response Variables
		12.3.4 Correcting Environmental Data
	12.4 Case Study 1: Study Design to Compare the Effects of Human Management on Plant Communities in Satoyama
		12.4.1 Research Question and Scope
		12.4.2 Research Hypothesis
		12.4.3 Study Design
		12.4.4 Illustrating Results and Formulating Discussion
	References