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دانلود کتاب Fanaroff & Martin’s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine

دانلود کتاب پزشکی نوزادان- پری ناتال فناروف و مارتین

Fanaroff & Martin’s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine

مشخصات کتاب

Fanaroff & Martin’s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine

ویرایش: [11 ed.] 
نویسندگان: , ,   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323567091 
ناشر: Elsevier 
سال نشر: 2019 
تعداد صفحات: 2157 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 192 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 49,000



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توجه داشته باشید کتاب پزشکی نوزادان- پری ناتال فناروف و مارتین نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.


توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب پزشکی نوزادان- پری ناتال فناروف و مارتین

مورد اعتماد پزشکان و ارائه دهندگان خدمات پیشرفته از طریق ده نسخه تنظیم استاندارد، Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine، ویرایش یازدهم، مرجع انتخابی برای راهنمایی تخصصی و چند رشته ای در مورد مدیریت و درمان مبتنی بر شواهد مشکلات در مادر، جنین است. ، و نوزاد. یک تیم گسترده از نویسندگان بین المللی، به رهبری Dr. ریچارد جی مارتین، آوروی آ. فانارف و میشل سی والش از بیمارستان کودکان و نوزادان رنگین کمان، شما را با پیشرفت‌هایی در زمینه کنترل عفونت‌های بیمارستانی در نوزادان نارس، اختلالات ژنتیکی و نقایص مادرزادی، منشأ جنینی بزرگسالان به‌روز می‌کند. بیماری، نوزادان نارس دیررس و موارد دیگر - همه برای کمک به بهبود کیفیت زندگی و نتایج بلندمدت بیماران طراحی شده‌اند. ویژگی های کلیدی به شما کمک می کند تا انتخاب های بالینی آگاهانه ای برای هر بیمار داشته باشید - از تشخیص و انتخاب درمان تا استراتژی های پس از درمان و مدیریت عوارض - با تمرکز دوگانه بر نوزادان و پریناتولوژی. شامل یک فصل جدید در مورد عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی در پیامد نوزادان است. دارای به روز رسانی های گسترده و سازماندهی مجدد در سراسر، با نکات کلیدی جدید در پایان هر فصل محتوای به روز و مبتنی بر شواهد را با اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد پزشکی دقیق و ژنتیک ارائه می دهد. از تصاویر دقیق و تمام رنگی استفاده می کند که اختلالات را در محیط بالینی به تصویر می کشد و اطلاعات پیچیده را توضیح می دهد. نمایه سازی را در هر دو جلد ارائه می دهد که دسترسی سریع به راهنمایی خاص را فراهم می کند. جامع ترین و چند رشته ای ترین متن در این زمینه باقی می ماند - منبع عالی اطلاعات برای هر مرحله از تمرین شما. نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته همراه با خرید. کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته شما به شما امکان می دهد به تمام متن ها، شکل ها و مراجع کتاب در دستگاه های مختلف دسترسی داشته باشید. اطلاعات نویسنده توسط Richard J. Martin، MBBS، FRACP، استاد، اطفال، بیولوژی تولید مثل، و فیزیولوژی و بیوفیزیک، دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه کیس وسترن رزرو. کرسی دروسینسکی/فانارف در نوزادان، بیمارستان نوزادان و کودکان رنگین کمان، کلیولند، اوهایو؛ Avroy A. Fanaroff، MB، FRCPE، FRCPCH، استاد بازنشسته، اطفال و زیست شناسی تولید مثل، دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه کیس وسترن رزرو. کرسی بازنشسته الیزا هنری بارنز در بیمارستان نوزادان و کودکان رنگین کمان، کلیولند، اوهایو و میشل سی. والش، MD، MSE، استاد، اطفال، دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه کیس وسترن رزرو. کرسی ویلیام و لوئیس بریگز در نوزادان، رئیس بخش نوزادان، بیمارستان نوزادان و کودکان رنگین کمان، کلیولند، اوهایو


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

Trusted by physicians and advanced practice providers through ten standard-setting editions, Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 11th Edition, remains the reference of choice for expert, multidisciplinary guidance on the management and evidence-based treatment of problems in the mother, fetus, and neonate. An expanded team of international authors, led by Drs. Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff, and Michele C. Walsh of Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, brings you up to date with advances in the control of nosocomial infections in preterm infants, genetic disorders and birth defects, the fetal origins of adult disease, the late preterm infants, and much more - all designed to help you improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes of your patients. Key Features Helps you make informed clinical choices for each patient - from diagnosis and treatment selection through post-treatment strategies and management of complications - with a dual focus on neonatology and perinatology. Includes a new chapter on Social and Economic Contributors to Neonatal Outcome. Features extensive updates and reorganization throughout, with new Key Points at the end of each chapter Provides up-to-date, evidence-based content, with more information on precision medicine and genetics. Uses detailed, full-color illustrations that depict disorders in the clinical setting and explain complex information. Offers indexing in both volumes that provides quick access to specific guidance. Remains the most comprehensive, multidisciplinary text in the field - an excellent source of information for every stage of your practice. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Author Information By Richard J. Martin, MBBS, FRACP, Professor, Pediatrics, Reproductive Biology, and Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Drusinsky/Fanaroff Chair in Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio; Avroy A. Fanaroff, MB, FRCPE, FRCPCH, Emeritus Professor, Pediatrics and Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Emeritus Eliza Henry Barnes Chair in Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio and Michele C. Walsh, MD, MSE, Professor, Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; William and Lois Briggs Chair in Neonatology, Chief, Divisions of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio



فهرست مطالب

cover......Page 1
Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 2-Volume Set......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
content......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 20
The High-Risk Fetus and Perinatal Obstetrics......Page 21
Keywords......Page 22
Midwives and Perinatal Care......Page 24
An Ingenious Contrivance, the Couveuse, and Premature Baby Stations......Page 26
Incubators, Baby Shows, and Origins of Neonatal Intensive Care Units......Page 27
Supportive Care and Oxygen Therapy......Page 28
Supportive Care: Intravenous Fluid and Blood Transfusions......Page 30
Medical Errors and “Patient Safety” as a New Discipline......Page 32
Some Famous High-Risk Infants......Page 33
Acknowledgment......Page 34
References......Page 35
Health Statistics and Data Sources......Page 38
Keywords......Page 39
Birth Data......Page 40
Infant Deaths......Page 41
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight......Page 42
References......Page 45
3 Medical Ethics in Neonatal Care......Page 46
Keywords......Page 47
Autonomy......Page 48
Nonmaleficence......Page 49
Communication With Parents......Page 50
Family-Centered Neonatal Intensive Care......Page 52
Refusal of Treatment During Pregnancy......Page 53
Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability......Page 54
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 57
Collaborative, Procedural Framework for End-of-Life Decision Making......Page 58
Donation After Cardiac Death......Page 59
Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 60
Conflict Resolution When Consensus Cannot Be Reached......Page 61
Ethics of Research in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 62
References......Page 64
Disclaimer......Page 69
Keywords......Page 70
State Law and Federal Law......Page 71
Residents and Fellows......Page 72
Malpractice......Page 73
Telephone Advice......Page 74
Standard of Care......Page 75
Role of the Expert Witness......Page 76
Damages......Page 77
Wrongful Birth......Page 78
Strategies for Avoiding Tort Litigation......Page 79
Trends in Malpractice Legislation......Page 80
Born-Alive Infants Protection Act......Page 81
Baby Doe......Page 82
Baby K......Page 83
Conclusions......Page 84
Miller Case......Page 85
Conclusions......Page 86
Summary......Page 87
References......Page 88
The Case for Improvement......Page 90
Keywords......Page 91
Brief History of Industrial Quality Improvement......Page 94
Batalden: Five Knowledge Systems......Page 97
Model for Improvement......Page 98
Lean......Page 99
Structure and Institutional Context......Page 100
Processes......Page 101
Assessing the Total Impact of a Quality Improvement Initiative......Page 102
Risk Adjustment/Fair Comparisons......Page 103
Data Sources......Page 105
Administrative Data......Page 106
Clinical Data......Page 107
Quality Measurement and Improvement......Page 108
Data for Selection......Page 109
Data for Improvement......Page 110
Global Assessments of Perinatal Quality: The Baby-MONITOR......Page 113
Local Quality Improvement Applied: An Example......Page 115
Sustainability......Page 116
Quality Improvement Research......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 120
References......Page 121
Introduction......Page 126
Keywords......Page 127
Simulation-Based Training in Health Care......Page 128
Simulation-Based Training in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine......Page 130
Debriefing Simulated Events......Page 132
Simulation-Based Assessment......Page 133
Simulation as the Basis of Clinical Care......Page 134
References......Page 135
Asking a Focused Clinical Question......Page 138
Keywords......Page 139
Primary Reports......Page 140
Critically Appraising Evidence for Its Validity......Page 141
Applying the Results to Patient Care......Page 142
Promoting Evidence-Based Clinical Practice......Page 143
References......Page 144
Historical Perspective......Page 146
Keywords......Page 147
Tracking the Global Progress of the Sustainable Development Goals......Page 149
Neonatal and Infant Mortality......Page 150
Causes of Global Maternal and Neonatal Mortality......Page 151
Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors......Page 153
Medical Causes of Neonatal Mortality Rate......Page 154
Birth Asphyxia......Page 155
Hypothermia......Page 156
Burden of Neonatal Sepsis......Page 157
Evidence-Based Interventions to Reduce Maternal Mortality Rates, Neonatal Mortality Rates, and Infant Mortality Rates......Page 158
The Burden of the High Cost of Advanced Neonatal Care......Page 160
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 161
Summary......Page 162
References......Page 163
Infant Mortality......Page 167
Keywords......Page 168
Determinants of Prematurity and Adverse Outcomes......Page 171
Social Determinants of Health......Page 172
Interventions to Reduce Neonatal Health Outcome Disparities......Page 174
References......Page 177
Abnormalities of Chromosome Number......Page 180
Keywords......Page 181
Aneuploidy......Page 182
Single-Gene Disorders......Page 183
Autosomal Dominant Disorders......Page 184
Sex-Linked Disorders......Page 185
Epigenetics and Uniparental Disomy......Page 186
Multifactorial Inheritance......Page 187
Congenital Anomalies and Ultrasonography......Page 188
Cell Free DNA Screening......Page 191
Microdeletions......Page 192
Carrier Screening for Cystic Fibrosis......Page 193
Diagnostic Modalities......Page 194
Amniocentesis......Page 195
Microarray Technology......Page 196
Future Directions for Prenatal Diagnostic Testing......Page 197
Genetic Evaluation and Counseling......Page 198
References......Page 199
Fetal Imaging Techniques......Page 201
Keywords......Page 202
Bioeffects and Safety......Page 204
Ethical Considerations......Page 205
A. First-Trimester Examination......Page 206
Genetic Screening......Page 207
Assisted Reproduction......Page 209
Multiple Gestations......Page 210
Pregnancy Evaluation......Page 212
Placental Abnormalities......Page 213
Placental Location......Page 214
Amniotic Fluid Volume......Page 215
Cervical Length and Pelvic Structures......Page 216
Second-Trimester Ultrasound Study of the Fetus......Page 217
Doppler Ultrasound......Page 218
Fetal Well-Being Assessment......Page 219
Fetal Ventriculomegaly......Page 220
Meningomyelocele and (Type II) Chiari Malformation......Page 221
Anencephaly......Page 222
Dandy-Walker Malformation......Page 223
Spine......Page 224
Head and Neck......Page 225
Heart......Page 226
Normal Bowel Appearance......Page 227
Diaphragmatic Hernia and Thoracic Lesions......Page 228
Gallbladder and Bile Ducts......Page 230
Genitourinary Tract......Page 231
Musculoskeletal System......Page 234
Two-Vessel Umbilical Cord......Page 235
References......Page 236
Indications for Surveillance......Page 238
Keywords......Page 239
Non-Stress Test......Page 240
Biophysical Profile......Page 241
Interpretation of Test Results......Page 242
Intrapartum Oxygenation and Neurologic Morbidity......Page 243
Continuous Versus Intermittent Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring......Page 244
Fetal Heart Rate Variability......Page 245
Decelerations......Page 246
Interpretative Systems for Classification of Fetal Heart Rate Patterns......Page 248
Management of Non–Category I FHR Patterns During Labor......Page 249
References......Page 251
Fetoscopic Surgery......Page 252
Keywords......Page 253
Anesthetic Considerations......Page 254
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia......Page 255
Fetal Hydrothorax......Page 257
Amniotic Bands......Page 258
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma......Page 259
Fetal Neck Mass......Page 260
Hydronephrosis......Page 261
Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome......Page 262
Selective Fetal Reduction......Page 263
Key Points......Page 264
References......Page 265
The Epigenome......Page 269
Keywords......Page 270
Paternal Exposures......Page 273
Secondary Fetal Exposure: Maternal Body Burden......Page 274
Occupation and Paraoccupation......Page 275
Diet......Page 276
Heat......Page 277
Metabolism......Page 278
Toxic Effects......Page 279
Toxic Effects......Page 280
Pesticides......Page 281
Prevention Strategies......Page 282
Toxic Effects......Page 283
Sources of Exposure......Page 284
Toxic Effects......Page 285
Key Points......Page 286
References......Page 287
Classification of IUGR......Page 291
Keywords......Page 292
Etiology of IUGR......Page 293
Maternal Etiologies......Page 294
Pathophysiology......Page 295
Antenatal Screening and Prenatal Management......Page 296
Postnatal Diagnosis of IUGR......Page 298
Hypoglycemia......Page 299
Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 300
Seizures, Intraventricular Hemorrhage......Page 301
Conclusions......Page 302
References......Page 303
Influences on the Early Embryo......Page 306
Keywords......Page 307
Postnatal Growth and Nutrition......Page 308
Mismatch Concept......Page 309
Fetal Origins of Vascular Structural Abnormalities and Dysfunction in Adult Cardiometabolic Disease......Page 310
Psychosocial Aspects......Page 313
Epigenetics......Page 314
Key Points......Page 316
References......Page 317
Preeclampsia......Page 319
Keywords......Page 320
Short Term......Page 322
Pregnancy-Specific Characteristics......Page 323
Angiogenic Factors......Page 324
Endothelial Dysfunction......Page 325
Initial Evaluation......Page 326
Antihypertensive Therapy......Page 327
Timing of Delivery......Page 328
Mode of Delivery......Page 329
Chronic Hypertension......Page 330
Superimposed Preeclampsia......Page 331
Prediction......Page 332
Key Points......Page 333
References......Page 334
Screening and Diagnosis......Page 336
Keywords......Page 337
Antenatal Management......Page 338
Screening for Congenital Anomalies......Page 339
Assessment of Fetal Weight......Page 340
Implications for the Neonate......Page 341
References......Page 343
Prematurity......Page 345
Keywords......Page 346
Pathogenesis......Page 349
Demographics......Page 351
Bleeding......Page 352
Infection......Page 353
Predicting Preterm Labor......Page 354
Biochemical Predictors......Page 355
Prevention......Page 356
Bed Rest......Page 357
Progesterone......Page 358
Cerclage......Page 359
Ritodrine......Page 361
Terbutaline......Page 362
Magnesium Sulfate......Page 363
Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors......Page 364
Indomethacin......Page 365
Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 366
Oxytocin Antagonists......Page 367
Nitric Oxide Donors......Page 368
Antibiotics......Page 369
Corticosteroids......Page 370
Additional Interventions......Page 372
Key Points......Page 373
References......Page 374
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 380
Keywords......Page 381
Management of a Subsequent Pregnancy......Page 383
Fetal-Neonatal Consequences of Maternal Antinuclear Antibodies......Page 385
Fetal-Neonatal Consequences of Maternal Antiphospholipid Antibodies......Page 386
Herpes Gestationis......Page 387
References......Page 388
Biology......Page 390
Keywords......Page 391
Maternal Consequences......Page 392
Malformations......Page 393
Complications of the Monochorionic Placenta......Page 394
Fetal Growth......Page 395
Mortality......Page 396
Outcome......Page 397
References......Page 398
Risks of Post-Term Pregnancy......Page 400
Keywords......Page 401
Dysmaturity......Page 402
Should Labor Be Induced Before 42 Weeks?......Page 403
How Should Labor Be Induced?......Page 404
Post-Term Twin Pregnancies......Page 405
References......Page 406
Genetics of the Rh System......Page 408
Keywords......Page 409
Pathophysiology of Rh-D Isoimmunization......Page 410
Prevention......Page 411
Rh Alloimmunization......Page 412
Prediction of Anemia......Page 413
Intravascular Transfusion......Page 414
Timing of Delivery......Page 415
Atypical Antigens......Page 416
Differential Diagnosis/Etiology......Page 417
Antepartum Evaluation......Page 418
Management......Page 419
Prognosis......Page 420
References......Page 421
Production and Regulation......Page 424
Keywords......Page 425
Measurement of Amniotic Fluid Volume......Page 426
Amniotic Fluid Index Measurement......Page 427
Normal Volume and the Singleton Pregnancy......Page 428
Twins and Amniotic Fluid......Page 429
Oligohydramnios......Page 431
Etiology......Page 432
Assess Fetal Anatomy......Page 433
Assess Fetal Pulmonary Status......Page 434
Treatment......Page 435
Tissue Sealants......Page 436
Assess Fetal Anatomy......Page 437
Amnioreduction......Page 438
Key Points......Page 439
References......Page 440
Risk Factors......Page 443
Keywords......Page 444
Diagnosis......Page 446
Obstetric Management......Page 449
Outcomes......Page 450
Areas for Future Investigation......Page 451
References......Page 452
Overview......Page 455
Keywords......Page 456
Inflammatory and Infectious Lesions......Page 459
Developmental and Structural Lesions......Page 460
Clinical Correlation......Page 461
References......Page 462
Techniques That Modify Pain......Page 464
Keywords......Page 465
Water Birth......Page 466
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and the Fetus......Page 467
Sedatives......Page 468
Opioid Agonists......Page 469
Nitrous Oxide......Page 470
Techniques......Page 471
Combined Spinal-Epidurals (CSE)......Page 472
Maternal Risks......Page 473
Maternal Temperature Elevation......Page 474
Fetal Heart Rate......Page 475
Cesarean Section......Page 476
General Anesthesia......Page 477
References......Page 478
Measurements......Page 481
Keywords......Page 482
Syndromes......Page 483
Skin......Page 484
Eyes......Page 485
Breathing and Chest......Page 486
Abdomen......Page 487
Limbs and Hands and Feet......Page 488
Hips......Page 489
Detailed Neurologic Assessment......Page 490
Cranial Nerves......Page 491
Motor Function......Page 492
Behavioral Evaluation......Page 493
The Premature Infant......Page 494
Congenital Heart Disease......Page 496
Discharge......Page 497
References......Page 498
Petechiae......Page 500
Keywords......Page 501
Pathology......Page 502
Etiology......Page 503
Treatment......Page 504
Mechanism of Injury......Page 505
Etiology......Page 506
Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 507
Fractures and Dislocations of Facial Bones......Page 508
Eyelids......Page 509
Optic Nerve......Page 510
Lacerations......Page 511
Fracture of the Clavicle......Page 512
Prognosis......Page 513
Clinical Manifestations......Page 514
Treatment......Page 515
Radiographic Manifestations......Page 516
Prognosis......Page 517
Treatment......Page 518
Clinical Manifestations......Page 519
Treatment......Page 520
Differential Diagnosis......Page 521
Radiographic Manifestations......Page 522
Clinical Manifestations......Page 523
Prognosis......Page 524
Dislocations......Page 525
Management......Page 526
Scrotum and Labia Majora......Page 527
Injuries Related to Trauma During Pregnancy......Page 528
References......Page 529
General Clinical Approach......Page 532
Keywords......Page 533
Complex or Multifactorial......Page 534
Chromosomal......Page 535
Environmental Exposure and Teratogens......Page 536
Anomalies in Aborted Fetuses......Page 537
Racial and Ethnic Differences......Page 538
Patient and Family History......Page 539
Head......Page 540
Face......Page 541
Eyes......Page 542
Ears......Page 543
Nose......Page 544
Mouth......Page 545
Chest......Page 546
Extremities......Page 547
Evaluation of the Stillborn......Page 550
Genetic Laboratory Studies......Page 551
Educational Resources and Support Organizations......Page 554
References......Page 555
Fetus......Page 558
Keywords......Page 559
Transition at Birth......Page 560
Causes of Depression and Asphyxia......Page 562
Response to Asphyxia......Page 563
Preparation for Resuscitation......Page 564
Adequate Personnel......Page 565
Elements of a Resuscitation......Page 566
Initial Quick Overview......Page 567
Initial Steps......Page 568
Free-Flow Oxygen......Page 569
References......Page 570
Delayed Transition and Need for Respiratory Support......Page 573
Keywords......Page 574
Basics of Positive Pressure Support......Page 575
Self-Inflating Bags (SIB)......Page 576
Other Options for Providing Positive Pressure......Page 577
Single Nasal Tube and Bi-Nasal Prongs......Page 578
Endotracheal Tube......Page 579
Intubation Procedure......Page 580
Applying Positive Pressure Support......Page 581
Positive End Expiratory Pressure......Page 582
References......Page 583
Oxidative Stress: Pathophysiologic Background......Page 587
Keywords......Page 588
Room Air versus Pure Oxygen for Resuscitation of the Newborn......Page 590
Clinical Data......Page 591
Oxygen Supplementation in the Delivery Room in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates......Page 592
Room Air versus 100% Oxygen— or Something Else......Page 593
References......Page 594
Importance of Effective Ventilation......Page 597
Keywords......Page 598
Chest Compressions......Page 599
Volume......Page 601
When to Discontinue Resuscitation Efforts......Page 602
Sodium Bicarbonate......Page 603
Fluids......Page 604
Meconium Aspiration......Page 605
Erythroblastosis and Hydrops Fetalis......Page 606
Key Points......Page 607
References......Page 608
Evaporative Heat Loss Is Related to Infant Maturity and Ambient Humidity......Page 611
Keywords......Page 612
The Fetal Thermal Equilibrium......Page 613
Neonatal Thermoregulation......Page 614
Thermoneutrality......Page 615
What Temperature Should Be Aimed for?......Page 616
Incubator Humidification......Page 617
Phototherapy......Page 618
Very (28-31 Weeks) and Extremely (<28 Weeks) Preterm Infants......Page 619
Key Points......Page 620
References......Page 621
Neurobehavioral Maturation......Page 623
Keywords......Page 624
Behavioral/Sleep States and NICU Environment......Page 625
Tactile Function and Skin-to-Skin Contact......Page 627
Vestibular/Proprioceptive Functions......Page 628
Circadian Rhythm and NICU Environment......Page 629
Sucking and Swallowing......Page 630
Environment Supporting Parent–Infant Interaction......Page 631
Neurobehavioral Assessment Tools......Page 632
Health Care Team Perspectives......Page 634
Conclusion......Page 635
Key Points......Page 637
References......Page 638
Principle of Operation......Page 641
Keywords......Page 642
Principle of Operation......Page 643
Principle of Operation......Page 644
Principle of Operation......Page 646
Principle of Operation......Page 647
Principle of Operation......Page 648
Principle of Operation......Page 649
References......Page 651
MRI......Page 654
Keywords......Page 655
Catheters, Tubes, and Lines......Page 656
Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 657
Neonatal Pneumonia......Page 658
Pulmonary Hemorrhage......Page 659
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations......Page 660
Heart......Page 662
Midgut Malrotation......Page 664
Jejunal Atresia......Page 665
Hirschsprung Disease......Page 666
Anorectal Malformation......Page 667
Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 668
Biliary Atresia......Page 669
Liver Tumors......Page 670
Obstructive Uropathy......Page 671
Renal Vein Thrombosis......Page 672
Adrenal Hemorrhage......Page 673
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage......Page 674
Lenticulostriate Vasculopathy......Page 675
Tethered Cord......Page 676
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip......Page 677
Key Points......Page 678
References......Page 679
Developmental Challenges of Neonatal Anesthesia......Page 681
Keywords......Page 682
Respiratory Physiology: Apnea, Central Control of Ventilation, and Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 684
Airway Anatomy......Page 685
Renal Physiology......Page 686
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation......Page 687
Operating Room Equipment and Monitoring......Page 692
Inhalational Agents......Page 694
Intravenous Agents......Page 695
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents......Page 696
Recovery From Anesthesia......Page 697
Local and Regional Anesthesia......Page 698
References......Page 699
Definition......Page 702
Keywords......Page 703
Epidemiology and Trends......Page 704
Medical Interventions and Iatrogenic Causes......Page 705
Gestational Age Assessment and Obstetric Practice Guidelines......Page 706
Pathophysiology......Page 707
Respiratory......Page 708
Clinical Outcomes......Page 709
Mortality......Page 710
Respiratory......Page 711
Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 712
Hospitalizations and Rehospitalizations After Discharge......Page 713
Long-Term Outcomes and Societal Costs......Page 714
Discharge Criteria......Page 715
Key Points......Page 716
References......Page 717
Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes......Page 719
Keywords......Page 720
Protein and Amino Acid Requirements......Page 721
Energy Expenditure......Page 722
Lipid Requirements......Page 723
Initiation and Advancement of Enteral Feeds......Page 725
Evidence Supporting Early Parenteral Amino Acids......Page 726
Intravenous Amino Acid Mixtures......Page 727
Glucose......Page 729
Human Milk......Page 730
Preterm Formulas......Page 731
Electrolytes......Page 732
Vitamins......Page 733
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition......Page 734
Long-Term Effects of Early Nutritional Support......Page 735
References......Page 736
Attachment in the First Hours After Birth......Page 740
Keywords......Page 741
Feeding......Page 742
Interventions for Premature or Sick Infants and Their Parents......Page 743
Interventions to Support Parents and Infant......Page 744
Kangaroo Care (See Also Chapter 36)......Page 745
Family-Centered Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 746
Postpartum Depression......Page 747
Persisting Trauma Reactions and Complex Grief......Page 748
Boundary Issues and Families With Multiple Risk Factors......Page 749
Discharge Planning......Page 750
References......Page 751
Maternal Pharmacokinetics......Page 754
Keywords......Page 755
Placental Handling of Drug......Page 756
Fetal Pharmacokinetics......Page 758
Exposure of the Fetus to Drugs......Page 759
Neonatal Drug Disposition......Page 760
Drug Distribution in the Neonate......Page 762
Drug Metabolism in the Neonate......Page 763
Renal Excretion of Drugs......Page 765
References......Page 766
Passage of Exogenous Compounds From Maternal Blood to Milk......Page 768
Keywords......Page 769
Anticonvulsants......Page 770
Oral Contraceptives......Page 771
Narcotics......Page 772
References......Page 773
Drug Absorption and Route of Drug Administration......Page 774
Keywords......Page 775
Drug Distribution and Volume of Distribution......Page 776
Drug Metabolism......Page 778
First-Order or Zero-Order Kinetics......Page 779
Body Composition and Organ Function Affect Pharmacokinetics......Page 781
Basic Pharmacokinetic Calculations for Clinicians......Page 782
Pharmacodynamics......Page 783
Example of Simple Pharmacokinetic Calculations to Derive Dose Adjustments......Page 785
References......Page 787
46 Infants of Substance-Using Mothers......Page 788
Keywords......Page 789
Prenatal and Perinatal Considerations......Page 790
Marijuana (Cannabinoids)......Page 791
Opioids......Page 792
Epidemiology......Page 793
Clinical Presentation......Page 794
Assessment......Page 795
Nonpharmacologic Treatment......Page 796
Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 797
Prevention of NAS......Page 798
Cocaine......Page 799
Long-Term Outcomes......Page 800
References......Page 801
Overview of Hematopoiesis......Page 805
Keywords......Page 806
Normal PMN Concentrations and Neutropenia.......Page 807
Rolling and Adhesion.......Page 808
Phagocytosis.......Page 810
Microbicidal Activity.......Page 811
Production and Differentiation......Page 812
Mononuclear Phagocyte Functions......Page 813
Activation Pathways and Overview of Functional Products......Page 814
Summary......Page 815
Pentraxins......Page 816
Collectins......Page 817
Interleukin-6.......Page 818
Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily.......Page 819
Chemokines.......Page 820
Coordinated Inflammatory Response in Neonatal Sepsis......Page 821
Overview......Page 824
Overview......Page 825
T-Cell Development......Page 826
T-Lymphocyte Activation and Maturation......Page 827
T-Cell Function in Neonates......Page 828
Dendritic Cells.......Page 829
Summary......Page 830
B-Cell Development......Page 831
Role of Cytokines in B-Cell Function......Page 833
Immunoglobulin Structure and Function......Page 834
Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics......Page 836
Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics......Page 837
Immunologic Properties of Human Breast Milk......Page 838
Evaluation of Host Defenses in Neonates......Page 840
References......Page 841
Epidemiology and Microbiology......Page 843
Keywords......Page 844
Diagnosis......Page 845
Prevention......Page 847
Meningitis......Page 848
Pneumonia......Page 849
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 850
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis......Page 851
Ophthalmia Neonatorum......Page 852
Group B Streptococcus......Page 853
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 854
Syphilis......Page 855
Listeriosis......Page 857
Tuberculosis......Page 858
Tetanus......Page 859
References......Page 860
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology......Page 864
Keywords......Page 865
Prematurity......Page 866
Incidence......Page 867
Neurodevelopmental Impairment......Page 868
Risk Factors......Page 869
Colonization......Page 870
Molecular Techniques and (1-3)-Beta-D-Glucan (BDG)......Page 871
Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis......Page 873
Renal Candidiasis......Page 874
Peritonitis......Page 875
Treatment......Page 876
Amphotericin B Preparations......Page 877
Fluconazole......Page 878
Central Venous Catheter Removal With Bloodstream Infections......Page 879
Pre-Emptive Treatment......Page 880
Safety of Fluconazole Prophylaxis......Page 881
Systematic Reviews of Fluconazole Prophylaxis......Page 882
Fluconazole Versus Nystatin Prophylaxis......Page 883
Infection Control and Prevention Group Recommendations......Page 885
Fluconazole Prophylaxis Dosing Recommendation......Page 886
Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection Bundles......Page 887
Aspergillus, Mucormycosis, Malassezia, and Trichosporin Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 888
Pathogenesis......Page 889
Diagnosis......Page 890
Microbiology......Page 891
Incidence......Page 892
Microbiology......Page 893
Transmission and Pathogenesis......Page 894
Prognosis......Page 895
References......Page 896
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 900
Keywords......Page 901
Encephalitis......Page 903
Therapy......Page 904
Prevention......Page 906
Cytomegalovirus (Human Herpesvirus 5)......Page 908
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 909
Symptomatic Congenital Infection......Page 910
Prognosis......Page 911
Neurologic Impairment......Page 912
Antenatal Diagnosis......Page 913
Prevention......Page 914
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 915
Congenital Varicella Syndrome......Page 916
Therapy and Prevention......Page 917
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7......Page 918
Parainfluenza Virus......Page 919
Transmission......Page 920
Therapy and Prevention......Page 921
Clinical Manifestations......Page 922
Subsequent Respiratory Morbidity......Page 923
Prophylaxis and Therapy......Page 924
Eligibility Criteria for Prophylaxis With Palivizumab......Page 925
Epidemiology......Page 926
Pathogenesis......Page 927
Care of the Mother and Infant in Developed Countries......Page 928
Maternal Antepartum/Intrapartum Care......Page 929
Infant Management (Summarized in Table 50.8)......Page 930
Safety......Page 933
Diagnosis and Care of Infants Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 934
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 935
Neonatal Infection......Page 936
Hepatitis A Virus......Page 937
Clinical Manifestations and Hepatitis B Virus Blood Tests......Page 938
Prevention......Page 939
Hepatitis C Virus......Page 940
Hepatitis E Virus......Page 941
Rotavirus......Page 942
Clinical Manifestations......Page 943
Fetal Infection......Page 944
Influenza A and B......Page 945
Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 948
Diagnosis......Page 949
Rhinovirus......Page 950
Coronavirus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome......Page 951
West Nile Virus......Page 952
Adenovirus......Page 953
Human Papillomavirus......Page 955
Congenital Zika Syndrome......Page 956
Diagnosis......Page 957
Acknowledgment......Page 959
References......Page 961
Neural Induction and Neurulation......Page 969
Keywords......Page 970
Neuronal Proliferation......Page 972
Neuronal Migration and Cortical Lamination......Page 974
Subplate Neurons......Page 978
Axonal and Dendritic Growth......Page 979
Synaptogenesis......Page 982
Programmed Cell Death......Page 983
Astrocytes......Page 985
Oligodendrocytes and Myelination......Page 986
Imaging Characteristics of Myelination......Page 987
Craniorachischisis Totalis, Anencephaly, Myeloschisis, Encephalocele, Myelomeningocele, and Occult Dysraphic States......Page 989
Holoprosencephaly and Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum......Page 990
Dandy-Walker Malformation......Page 992
Primary Microcephalies......Page 993
Megalencephaly......Page 994
LIS1 Mutations (Isolated Lissencephaly and Miller-Dieker Syndrome)......Page 995
Syndromic Lissencephaly......Page 996
X-Linked Periventricular Heterotopia......Page 997
Disorders of Central Nervous System Organization and Maturation......Page 998
References......Page 999
Macroscopic Neuropathology......Page 1003
Keywords......Page 1004
Microscopic Neuropathology......Page 1005
Neuronal/Axonal Damage......Page 1006
Models of Encephalopathy of Prematurity: Implications for Pathogenesis......Page 1007
Hypoperfusion and Hypoxia–Ischemia......Page 1008
Infection and Inflammation......Page 1009
Combined Insults......Page 1011
Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1012
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1014
Impairment of Brain Growth and Long-Term Development......Page 1019
References......Page 1021
Neuropathology......Page 1027
Keywords......Page 1028
Parenchymal Hemorrhage......Page 1029
Intracerebellar Hemorrhage......Page 1030
Intrapartum Factors......Page 1031
Genetic Factors......Page 1032
Management......Page 1033
Neurodevelopmental Outcome......Page 1035
Prevention......Page 1036
Other Hemorrhages......Page 1037
Sinovenous Thrombosis......Page 1038
Diagnosis......Page 1040
Risk Factors......Page 1041
Key Points......Page 1042
References......Page 1043
Systemic Adaptation to Hypoxic–Ischemic Insult......Page 1047
Keywords......Page 1048
Preconditioning......Page 1050
Glutamate Injury (Excitotoxicity)......Page 1051
Free Radical Formation......Page 1052
Cytokines......Page 1053
Vascular Territories......Page 1054
Cerebral Edema......Page 1055
Electroencephalography......Page 1056
Evoked Potentials......Page 1060
Neuroimaging......Page 1061
Systemic Management......Page 1064
Hematologic System......Page 1065
Seizures......Page 1066
Hypothermia......Page 1067
Prognostic Factors......Page 1069
Association Between Hypoxic– Ischemic Encephalopathy and Less Severe Neurodisability......Page 1070
References......Page 1071
Pathophysiology of Newborn Seizures—Unique Maturational Features Increasing the Likelihood of Seizures in the Newborn......Page 1074
Keywords......Page 1075
Biochemical and Physiologic Consequences of Seizures in the Immature Brain—Implications for the Clinician......Page 1076
Seizure Types......Page 1079
Clonic Seizures......Page 1080
EEG-Only (Subclinical, Nonconvulsive, Occult) Seizures......Page 1081
Nonepileptic Myoclonus......Page 1082
Seizure Etiology......Page 1083
Ischemic Stroke......Page 1084
Hypoglycemia......Page 1085
Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 1086
Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (BFNE)......Page 1087
Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy (EME) and Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (EIEE, Ohtahara Syndrome)......Page 1088
Electroencephalogram and Electroencephalographic Monitoring......Page 1089
Amplitude-Integrated EEG (aEEG)......Page 1090
Relation of EEG to Outcome......Page 1091
Selection of Who to Treat......Page 1092
Usual Sequence of Therapy......Page 1093
Phenobarbital......Page 1094
Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin......Page 1096
Levetiracetam (Keppra)......Page 1097
Metabolic Strategies......Page 1098
Duration of Therapy......Page 1099
References......Page 1100
Diagnosis......Page 1104
Keywords......Page 1105
Spinal Muscular Atrophies......Page 1106
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies......Page 1108
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders......Page 1109
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy......Page 1111
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 1113
Other Muscular Dystrophies......Page 1114
Central Core Disease......Page 1115
Mitochondrial Myopathies......Page 1116
Primary Carnitine Deficiency......Page 1117
References......Page 1118
Migration......Page 1121
Keywords......Page 1122
Hydrocephalus......Page 1124
Intraventricular Hemorrhage......Page 1125
Congenital Brain Malformations......Page 1126
Other Causes......Page 1127
Craniosynostosis......Page 1128
Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis......Page 1129
Positional Plagiocephaly......Page 1130
Syndromic Craniosynostosis......Page 1131
Conclusion......Page 1133
References......Page 1134
Embryology......Page 1135
Keywords......Page 1136
Closed Spinal Dysraphisms......Page 1137
Imaging......Page 1139
Overall Management......Page 1140
Conclusion......Page 1142
References......Page 1143
Normal Hearing and Hearing Loss......Page 1144
Keywords......Page 1145
Tests for Hearing Loss......Page 1146
Early Intervention Services......Page 1147
Risk Factors......Page 1148
Middle Ear Disease......Page 1150
Continued Surveillance......Page 1151
References......Page 1152
60 Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of High-Risk Neonates......Page 1155
Keywords......Page 1156
Medical Problems......Page 1159
Physical Growth......Page 1160
Major Neurologic Sequelae......Page 1161
Assessment of Functional Outcomes......Page 1163
Timing of Follow-Up Visits......Page 1164
Developmental and Neurologic Testing......Page 1165
Methodologic Considerations in Neurodevelopmental Outcome Studies......Page 1166
School-Age Outcome......Page 1167
Young Adult Outcomes......Page 1168
Children Born at the Threshold of Viability......Page 1169
Early Intervention......Page 1170
References......Page 1171
Brain Injury among Preterm Infants Diagnosed by CUS......Page 1175
Keywords......Page 1176
CUS Findings and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes......Page 1177
Potential Limitations to Interpretation......Page 1178
White Matter Abnormalities......Page 1179
Neonatal MRI to Predict Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes......Page 1180
Later Childhood Outcomes and Need for Further Study......Page 1181
Predicting Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Abnormalities with Advanced MRI......Page 1182
Key Points......Page 1184
References......Page 1185
Pseudoglandular Stage......Page 1189
Keywords......Page 1190
Canalicular Stage......Page 1191
Saccular and Alveolar Stages......Page 1192
Pulmonary Hypoplasia......Page 1195
Alveolar Macrophages......Page 1196
Composition......Page 1197
Surfactant Pool Sizes......Page 1198
Pressure-Volume Curves......Page 1201
Induced Lung Maturation......Page 1203
Glucocorticoids and Lung Maturation......Page 1204
Intrauterine Infection and Lung Maturation......Page 1205
References......Page 1206
Nasal Flaring......Page 1209
Keywords......Page 1210
Blood Gas Measurements......Page 1211
Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen......Page 1212
Carbon Dioxide......Page 1213
Hyperoxia–Hyperventilation Test......Page 1214
Lung Volume......Page 1215
Pressure......Page 1216
Compliance......Page 1217
Resistance......Page 1218
Work of Breathing......Page 1220
Limitations......Page 1221
Clinical Applications......Page 1222
References......Page 1223
Pathophysiology......Page 1226
Keywords......Page 1227
Heritability of Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 1229
Clinical Features......Page 1230
Radiographic Findings......Page 1231
Surfactant Therapy......Page 1232
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy......Page 1234
Noninvasive Monitoring: Pulse Oximetry......Page 1235
Arterial Sampling......Page 1236
Antibiotics......Page 1237
References......Page 1238
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 1242
Key words......Page 1243
Sustained Inflation at Neonatal Resuscitation......Page 1244
New Modes of NIPPV......Page 1245
Indications for Assisted Ventilation......Page 1246
Oxygenation......Page 1247
Time Constant......Page 1248
Phase Variables (Ventilatory Modes)......Page 1249
Pressure Support Ventilation......Page 1250
Pressure-Targeted Modalities......Page 1251
Volume-Controlled Ventilation......Page 1252
Volume Guarantee Ventilation......Page 1253
Pressure Augmentation......Page 1254
Suggested Ventilatory Management Guidelines......Page 1255
Weaning Strategies......Page 1256
High-Frequency Ventilation......Page 1257
Clinical Evaluation......Page 1258
Blood Gases and Acid-Base Balance......Page 1259
Volume and Pressure Waveforms......Page 1260
Pulmonary Mechanics (Loops)......Page 1261
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 1263
Air Leaks......Page 1264
Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury......Page 1265
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease)......Page 1266
Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Periventricular Leukomalacia......Page 1267
References......Page 1268
Pulmonary Underdevelopment: Pulmonary Agenesis, Aplasia, and Hypoplasia......Page 1272
Keywords......Page 1273
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia......Page 1275
Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia......Page 1278
Congenital Cystic Pulmonary Malformations......Page 1279
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation......Page 1280
Bronchogenic Cyst......Page 1282
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation......Page 1283
Pathophysiology......Page 1284
In the Delivery Room......Page 1285
In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 1286
Etiology......Page 1287
Clinical Presentation......Page 1288
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn......Page 1289
Pulmonary Air Leak Syndromes......Page 1290
Clinical Presentation......Page 1291
Diagnosis......Page 1292
Management......Page 1293
Thanatophoric Dysplasia......Page 1294
Key Points......Page 1295
References......Page 1296
Neonatal Breathing Pattern......Page 1301
Keywords......Page 1302
Hypoxia......Page 1303
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators......Page 1304
Definition and Epidemiology......Page 1305
Pathogenesis......Page 1306
Clinical Associations......Page 1308
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE) (Formerly Known as Apparent Life-Threatening Events or ALTE)......Page 1309
Other Therapeutic Approaches......Page 1310
Resolution and Consequences of Apnea, Bradycardia, and Intermittent Hypoxia......Page 1311
Key Points......Page 1312
References......Page 1313
Nasolacrimal Duct Cysts......Page 1315
Keywords......Page 1316
Choanal Atresia......Page 1317
Congenital Nasal Masses......Page 1318
Mucosal Obstruction......Page 1319
Laryngeal Lesions......Page 1320
Laryngeal Cysts......Page 1322
Laryngeal Web......Page 1323
Subglottic Hemangioma......Page 1324
Intubation Trauma......Page 1325
Key Points......Page 1326
References......Page 1327
Pathogenesis......Page 1328
Keywords......Page 1329
Prenatal Factors......Page 1330
Oxygen Toxicity......Page 1331
Other Factors......Page 1332
Pathology......Page 1333
Clinical Presentation......Page 1334
Prevention of BPD......Page 1335
Respiratory Support......Page 1337
Fluid Management......Page 1338
Parental Support......Page 1339
References......Page 1340
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 1343
Keywords......Page 1344
Basic Techniques......Page 1345
Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 1346
Gestational Age of 34 Weeks or Older......Page 1347
Reversible Lung Disease......Page 1348
The Dilemma of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)......Page 1349
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Follow-Up......Page 1351
Alternative Uses for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 1353
Physiology and Pharmacology......Page 1354
Nitric Oxide Toxicity......Page 1355
Term Infants......Page 1356
Nitric Oxide in Premature Infants......Page 1357
Alternative Treatments and Avenues for Future Research......Page 1359
References......Page 1361
Overview of Normal Heart Development......Page 1365
Keywords......Page 1366
Precardiac to Cardiac Tissues: Commitment and Formation of Primary Axes......Page 1367
The Tubular and Looping Heart......Page 1368
Endocardial Development: Formation of Cushion Tissue......Page 1371
Neural Crest Contributions to Cardiogenesis......Page 1373
Development of the Cardiac Conduction System......Page 1374
Cell Division and Cell Death......Page 1375
Therapy......Page 1376
References......Page 1377
Structural Development......Page 1380
Keywords......Page 1381
Mediators of Fetal Pulmonary Vascular Tone......Page 1383
Pulmonary Vascular Transition......Page 1384
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn......Page 1385
Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia......Page 1388
General Care......Page 1389
Pulmonary Vasodilator Therapy......Page 1390
Outcome and Follow-Up......Page 1391
References......Page 1392
Overview of Fetal Circulation and Cardiac Adaptation at Birth......Page 1395
Keywords......Page 1396
Indications for Fetal Echocardiogram......Page 1397
Performance of a Fetal Echocardiogram......Page 1398
Fetal Pathology......Page 1400
Parental Counseling after Fetal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1402
Impact of Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 1404
Fetal Therapies......Page 1405
References......Page 1407
Pathogenesis......Page 1410
Keywords......Page 1411
Clinical Presentation......Page 1412
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 1413
Management......Page 1414
References......Page 1417
Clinical Presentation......Page 1419
Keywords......Page 1420
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1421
Management and Prognosis......Page 1422
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1423
Clinical Presentation......Page 1424
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 1425
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1426
Single Ventricle Anatomy/Physiology......Page 1427
Management and Prognosis......Page 1428
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 1430
Associated Defects......Page 1431
Management and Prognosis......Page 1432
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1433
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1434
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1435
Management and Prognosis......Page 1436
Acknowledgments......Page 1437
Key Points......Page 1438
References......Page 1439
Associated Lesions......Page 1442
Keywords......Page 1443
Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 1444
Myocardial Diseases: Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis......Page 1445
Cardiac Tumors......Page 1448
Vascular Rings and Slings......Page 1449
Neonatal Marfan Syndrome......Page 1450
Key Points......Page 1451
References......Page 1452
Sinus Bradycardia......Page 1454
Keywords......Page 1455
Premature Atrial Contractions......Page 1456
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia......Page 1457
Atrial Fibrillation......Page 1458
Supraventricular Tachycardia Caused by a Manifest Accessory Pathway......Page 1459
Supraventricular Tachycardia Caused by Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia......Page 1460
Supraventricular Tachycardia......Page 1461
Permanent Form of Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia......Page 1462
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia......Page 1463
Evaluation......Page 1464
Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 1465
Treatment......Page 1466
First-Degree Atrioventricular Block......Page 1467
Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block......Page 1468
Long QT Syndrome......Page 1469
Electrocardiogram Findings and Diagnosis......Page 1470
References......Page 1471
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Conditions......Page 1473
Keywords......Page 1474
Pulmonary Valve Perforation With Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty......Page 1475
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenting......Page 1477
Implantation of a Stent in the Ductus Arteriosus......Page 1478
Systemic to Pulmonary Artery Shunts......Page 1479
Procedures to Increase Mixing of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Blood......Page 1480
Balloon Atrial Septostomy......Page 1481
Blade Atrial Septostomy......Page 1482
Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty......Page 1483
Surgical Aortic Valve Repair or Replacement......Page 1484
Transcatheter Treatment of Coarctation......Page 1485
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis......Page 1486
Fetal Cardiac Intervention......Page 1487
Shunt Obstruction......Page 1488
Prostaglandin E1......Page 1489
Blood Products......Page 1490
Afterload......Page 1491
What the Future Holds......Page 1492
Key Points......Page 1493
References......Page 1494
Regulation of Hematopoiesis......Page 1496
Keywords......Page 1497
Hemoglobin Switching......Page 1498
Red Blood Cell Indices during Prenatal and Postnatal Development......Page 1501
Evaluation of Anemia......Page 1503
Fetal–Maternal Hemorrhage......Page 1507
Rh Hemolytic Disease.......Page 1508
Natural History of Hemolytic Diseases of the Newborn.......Page 1509
Erythrocyte Structural Defects......Page 1510
Hereditary Spherocytosis.......Page 1511
Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis.......Page 1512
Inherited Enzymatic Defects......Page 1513
α-Thalassemia......Page 1514
Qualitative Defects in Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin Variants......Page 1516
Sickle Cell Anemia......Page 1517
Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 1518
Physiologic Anemia of Infancy and Physiologic Anemia of Prematurity: The Role of Erythropoietin......Page 1520
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia......Page 1521
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias......Page 1522
Polycythemia......Page 1523
Neutropenia......Page 1524
Sepsis and Postinfectious Neutropenia.......Page 1525
Therapeutic Uses of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor......Page 1526
Severe Congenital Neutropenia.......Page 1527
Dyskeratosis Congenita.......Page 1528
Oxidative Killing Disorder: Chronic Granulomatous Disease.......Page 1529
Adhesion Disorders: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies Types I and II.......Page 1530
Wart Hypogammaglobulinemia Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 1531
Developmental Hemostasis in the Neonate......Page 1534
General Approach to Neonatal Bleeding Disorders......Page 1535
Neonatal Thrombocytopenia (Quantitative Platelet Disorders)......Page 1537
Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia......Page 1538
Inherited Thrombocytopenias......Page 1539
Management of Platelet Disorders in Neonates......Page 1541
Hemophilia......Page 1542
von Willebrand Disease......Page 1543
Acquired Coagulation Disorders......Page 1544
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 1545
Neonatal Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper/Lower Venous System......Page 1546
Neonatal Purpura Fulminans......Page 1547
Anticoagulants......Page 1548
Infant Cancer......Page 1549
Infant Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia......Page 1550
Soft Tissue Sarcomas......Page 1551
Key Points......Page 1552
References......Page 1553
Hypoglycemia......Page 1557
Keywords......Page 1558
Hyperkalemia......Page 1559
Effect of Plasticizers (See Also Chapter 14)......Page 1560
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions......Page 1561
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury......Page 1562
T-Antigen Activation......Page 1563
Transfusion-Related Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)......Page 1564
Cytomegalovirus Infection......Page 1565
Hepatitis B Virus......Page 1566
Zika Virus......Page 1567
INTERCEPT® and Mirasol® Systems......Page 1568
Delayed Cord Clamping and Cord Stripping......Page 1569
Red Blood Cell Transfusion......Page 1570
Pretransfusion Testing......Page 1571
Red Blood Cell Dose and Administration......Page 1572
Indications......Page 1573
Granulocyte Transfusion......Page 1574
Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion......Page 1575
Factor Concentrates......Page 1576
Choice of Blood Components......Page 1577
Management of ECMO Patients Using Factor Concentrates (e.g., Antithrombin III)......Page 1578
References......Page 1579
Esophagus......Page 1586
Keywords......Page 1587
Stomach......Page 1588
Duodenum, Pancreas, and Biliary System......Page 1590
Small Intestine......Page 1591
Colon, Rectum, and Anus......Page 1592
References......Page 1593
Upper Gastrointestinal Motility and Physiologic Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 1594
Keywords......Page 1595
Symptoms and Complications......Page 1596
Conservative Nonpharmacologic Management......Page 1597
Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists......Page 1598
Erythromycin......Page 1599
References......Page 1600
Disorders of Carbohydrate Absorption......Page 1604
Keywords......Page 1605
Etiology......Page 1606
Clinical Features......Page 1607
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 1608
Clinical Features......Page 1609
Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 1610
Other Causes of Protein-Losing Enteropathy......Page 1611
Etiology......Page 1612
Congenital Chloride Diarrhea......Page 1613
Microvillus Inclusion Disease......Page 1614
Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome (Phenotypic or Syndromic Diarrhea)......Page 1615
Allergic Colitis or Eosinophilic Proctocolitis......Page 1616
Neurogenin-3 Mutation in Malabsorptive Diarrhea......Page 1617
References......Page 1618
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 1624
Keywords......Page 1625
Esophageal Duplications......Page 1630
Abdominal Wall Defects......Page 1631
Microgastria......Page 1636
Pyloric Atresia......Page 1637
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis......Page 1638
Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis......Page 1640
Gastrointestinal Duplications......Page 1642
Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus......Page 1643
Meconium Syndromes......Page 1644
Meconium Ileus......Page 1645
Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis......Page 1646
Hirschsprung Disease......Page 1648
Anorectal Anomalies......Page 1649
References......Page 1652
Epidemiology......Page 1655
Keywords......Page 1656
Diagnosis......Page 1657
Surgical Management......Page 1658
Altered Host Defense......Page 1659
Role of Breast Milk......Page 1661
Preventive Strategies......Page 1662
References......Page 1664
Amino Acids......Page 1667
Keywords......Page 1668
Fetal Glucose Metabolism......Page 1669
Glucose Metabolism After Birth......Page 1670
Hypoglycemia......Page 1672
Maternal Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 1673
Diabetes in Pregnancy: The Infant of a Diabetic Mother......Page 1674
Congenital Anomalies.......Page 1676
Septal Hypertrophy of the Heart.......Page 1677
Prognosis......Page 1678
Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Infants Who Are Small for Gestational Age......Page 1679
Congenital Cardiac Malformations......Page 1680
Congenital Hyperinsulinism (CHI)......Page 1681
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome......Page 1683
Cortisol Deficiency......Page 1684
Fructose Intolerance......Page 1685
Management of Neonatal Hypoglycemia......Page 1686
Intravenous Glucose Infusions......Page 1687
Somatostatin Analogue: Octreotide......Page 1688
Prognosis of Neonatal Hypoglycemia......Page 1689
Hyperglycemia......Page 1690
Diabetes Mellitus in the Newborn......Page 1691
References......Page 1692
Serum Calcium......Page 1695
Keywords......Page 1696
Intestinal Absorption......Page 1698
Intake......Page 1699
Serum Phosphorus......Page 1700
Intestinal Absorption......Page 1701
Renal Excretion......Page 1702
Magnesium Physiology......Page 1703
Parathyroid Hormone......Page 1704
Parathyroid Hormone Reference Values......Page 1705
Fetal Vitamin D Function......Page 1706
Effects......Page 1707
Factors Affecting Growth and Mineralization......Page 1708
Evaluation of Fetal Mineral Accretion......Page 1709
Very Low Birth Weight Infants......Page 1710
Term Infants......Page 1711
Phosphate Loading......Page 1712
Developmental Defects in the Parathyroid Glands.......Page 1713
Clinical Manifestations of Hypocalcemia......Page 1714
Prevention of Neonatal Hypocalcemia......Page 1715
Iatrogenic Hypercalcemia......Page 1716
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis......Page 1717
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1718
Nephrocalcinosis in Preterm Infants......Page 1719
Infantile Isolated Renal Magnesium Wasting (Dominant).......Page 1720
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1721
Biochemical Features......Page 1722
Parenteral Nutrition......Page 1723
Monitoring Mineral Supplementation......Page 1724
References......Page 1725
Protein and Lipid Metabolism......Page 1728
Keywords......Page 1729
Iodine Metabolism......Page 1730
Regulation of Thyroid Function......Page 1731
Free Hormones......Page 1732
Thyroglobulin......Page 1734
Thyroid Function: Fetal–Maternal Relationship......Page 1735
Familial Dyshormonogenesis......Page 1738
Iodine Deficiency......Page 1739
Neonatal Screening for Hypothyroidism......Page 1740
Clinical Manifestations......Page 1741
Laboratory Manifestations......Page 1742
Interpretation of Scanning Results......Page 1743
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome......Page 1744
Treatment of Hypothyroidism......Page 1745
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 1746
Treatment......Page 1747
Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia......Page 1748
References......Page 1749
Autosomal and X-Linked Genes......Page 1751
Keywords......Page 1752
Testicular Differentiation......Page 1753
Development of the Genital Ducts......Page 1755
Development of the External Genitalia......Page 1757
Control of Genital Differentiation: Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Testosterone......Page 1759
Medical History......Page 1760
Gonadal Descent and Size......Page 1761
Penis Size......Page 1762
Vaginal Opening......Page 1763
Discussion With Family and Professional Staff......Page 1764
Biochemistry......Page 1766
Nomenclature of Disorders of Sex Development......Page 1767
45,X (Turner Syndrome and Variants)......Page 1768
47,XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome and Variants)......Page 1770
Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development......Page 1771
Complete and Partial Gonadal Dysgenesis......Page 1772
46,XY Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development......Page 1773
Androgen Biosynthesis Defect......Page 1774
3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency.......Page 1775
Leydig Cell Hypoplasia.......Page 1776
Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.......Page 1777
Gonadal Dysgenesis......Page 1778
Androgen Excess......Page 1779
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.......Page 1780
Diagnosis.......Page 1781
Treatment.......Page 1782
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment.......Page 1783
Placental Aromatase (CYP19) Deficiency......Page 1784
Müllerian and Vaginal Dysgenesis......Page 1785
Hypospadias......Page 1786
Cryptorchidism......Page 1787
Acknowledgments......Page 1788
References......Page 1789
Misconception 2......Page 1793
Keywords......Page 1794
Misconception 8......Page 1795
Principles of Screening Programs......Page 1796
Screening for Disorders......Page 1797
Effect of Screening Programs......Page 1801
Galactosemia......Page 1813
Homocystinuria......Page 1814
Phenylketonuria......Page 1815
Fetal Diseases Affecting the Mother......Page 1816
Metabolic Encephalopathy......Page 1818
Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency.......Page 1819
Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate–Dependent Epilepsy.......Page 1820
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia.......Page 1821
Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency/Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency.......Page 1822
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Disorders.......Page 1823
Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Disorders......Page 1824
Glycogen Storage Disorders......Page 1825
Eye Anomalies......Page 1826
Citrin Deficiency.......Page 1827
Bile Acid Biosynthesis Defects......Page 1828
Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects......Page 1829
Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly......Page 1830
Sepsis......Page 1832
Cholesterol Biosynthesis......Page 1833
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation......Page 1834
Lysosomal Storage Diseases......Page 1835
Biogenesis Disorders......Page 1836
Blood Studies......Page 1837
Specialized Biochemical Testing......Page 1839
Amino Acid Analysis......Page 1840
Carnitine Analysis......Page 1841
Tests for Lysosomal Storage Disorders......Page 1842
Genetic Testing......Page 1843
Postmortem Evaluation......Page 1844
Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 1845
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1846
Defects of Ketolysis.......Page 1848
Other.......Page 1849
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1850
Primary Lactic Acidemias......Page 1851
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency......Page 1852
Mitochondrial Disorders......Page 1853
Hypoglycemia......Page 1857
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1858
Glycogen Storage Disorders......Page 1859
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders......Page 1860
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1861
Urea Cycle Disorders......Page 1863
Secondary Hyperammonemias......Page 1865
Treatment at the Metabolite Level......Page 1867
Treatment by Transplantation......Page 1868
Key Points......Page 1869
References......Page 1870
Heme Degradation......Page 1874
Keywords......Page 1875
Bilirubin Production......Page 1877
“Conjugated” versus “Direct” Bilirubin......Page 1878
Conjugation of Bilirubin......Page 1879
Enterohepatic Absorption of Bilirubin......Page 1880
The HO-1 Gene and Its Promoter Polymorphisms......Page 1881
Co-expression of Genes Modulating the Risk of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 1882
Fetal Bilirubin......Page 1883
Term Neonate......Page 1884
Late Preterm Neonate......Page 1885
Genetic, Ethnic, and Cultural Effects......Page 1886
Disorders of Bilirubin Production......Page 1887
Isoimmunization......Page 1888
ABO Heterospecificity.......Page 1889
Isoimmunization Caused by Antibodies Other Than RhD.......Page 1890
G6PD Deficiency and Hemolysis.......Page 1891
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.......Page 1892
Sequestration.......Page 1893
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I......Page 1894
Hypothyroidism......Page 1895
Breast Milk Jaundice.......Page 1896
Did Kernicterus Really Disappear and Then Resurface?......Page 1897
Surrogates for Assessing the Incidence of Kernicterus: Extreme Hyperbilirubinemia and Readmission......Page 1898
Kernicterus......Page 1899
Bilirubin Entry into the Brain......Page 1901
Total Bilirubin (TB) Measurements......Page 1902
End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Measurements......Page 1906
Bilirubin-to-Albumin Molar Ratio (BAMR)......Page 1907
Indications for Therapy......Page 1908
Mechanism of Action......Page 1909
Technique......Page 1910
Aggressive versus Conservative Phototherapy in Premature Infants......Page 1913
Complications......Page 1914
Other Nonmetalloporphyrin Inhibitors......Page 1916
Indications......Page 1917
Technique......Page 1918
Individualization of Therapeutic Guidelines......Page 1919
Hyperbilirubinemia in Resource-Limited Countries......Page 1920
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 1921
Causes of Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 1922
Treatment of Neonatal Hepatitis......Page 1926
Treatment of Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia......Page 1927
Known Infectious Causes......Page 1928
Total Parenteral Nutrition–Induced Hepatic Injury......Page 1929
Miscellaneous Causes of Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 1930
Key Points......Page 1931
References......Page 1932
Sodium Balance in Newborns......Page 1940
Keywords......Page 1941
Water Balance in Newborns......Page 1942
Insensible Losses......Page 1943
Pathogenic Losses and Deficit Replacement......Page 1945
Hyponatremia......Page 1946
Perinatal Asphyxia......Page 1948
Acute Compensation: Body Buffer Systems......Page 1949
Long-Term Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance......Page 1950
Developmental Aspects of Acid–Base Physiology......Page 1951
Metabolic Acidosis......Page 1952
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis......Page 1953
Renal Tubular Acidosis......Page 1954
Key Points......Page 1955
References......Page 1956
Development of the Kidney......Page 1958
Keywords......Page 1959
Genetic and Prenatal Factors Affecting Renal Development......Page 1960
Glomerular Filtration......Page 1962
Physical Examination......Page 1963
Assessment of Renal Function......Page 1964
Radiologic Evaluation......Page 1965
Glycosuria......Page 1966
Prerenal Azotemia......Page 1967
Medical Management......Page 1968
Prognosis......Page 1969
Causes......Page 1970
Evaluation......Page 1971
Treatment......Page 1972
Renal Vascular Thrombosis......Page 1973
Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and Urinary Tract......Page 1974
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney......Page 1975
Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction......Page 1976
Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex......Page 1977
Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis......Page 1978
Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 1979
Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 1980
Key Points......Page 1981
References......Page 1982
Development of the Epidermis......Page 1984
Keywords......Page 1985
Development of the Appendages......Page 1987
Blood and Lymphatic Vessel Development......Page 1988
Disorders and Diseases of Fetal and Neonatal Skin......Page 1989
Pigmentary Lesions......Page 1990
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis......Page 1991
Infantile Acropustulosis......Page 1992
X-Linked Ichthyosis......Page 1993
Vesicobullous Eruptions......Page 1994
Staphylococcal Infection and Impetigo......Page 1995
Viral Lesions......Page 1996
Candidiasis......Page 1997
Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 1998
Incontinentia Pigmenti......Page 1999
Zinc Deficiency......Page 2000
McCune-Albright Syndrome......Page 2001
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation......Page 2002
Waardenburg Syndrome......Page 2003
Simple Malformations: Venous and Common Associated Syndromes......Page 2004
Malformations: Lymphatic......Page 2005
Vascular Tumors: Hemangiomas......Page 2006
Epidermal Nevi......Page 2007
Inflammatory Diseases of the Skin......Page 2008
Atopic Dermatitis......Page 2009
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis......Page 2010
Aplasia Cutis Congenita......Page 2011
Ectodermal Dysplasias......Page 2012
Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus......Page 2013
Principles of Newborn Skin Care......Page 2014
References......Page 2017
Neonatal Eye Examination......Page 2020
Keywords......Page 2021
Normal Ocular Findings......Page 2026
Proptosis......Page 2027
Ocular Hypotelorism or Hypertelorism......Page 2028
Blepharoptosis......Page 2029
Hemangioma......Page 2030
Eyelash Abnormalities......Page 2031
Watery Eye......Page 2032
Anophthalmia......Page 2033
Scleral Abnormalities......Page 2034
Aniridia......Page 2035
Iris Heterochromia......Page 2036
Cataract......Page 2037
Norrie Disease......Page 2039
Abnormal Macula......Page 2040
Optic Disc Atrophy......Page 2041
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly......Page 2042
Optic Disc Drusen......Page 2043
Retinoblastoma......Page 2044
Racemose Hemangioma......Page 2045
Nystagmus......Page 2046
The Blind Infant......Page 2047
Craniosynostosis Syndromes......Page 2048
Neurofibromatosis......Page 2049
Shaken Baby Syndrome......Page 2050
Ocular Manifestations of Intrauterine Infections......Page 2051
Teratoma......Page 2052
References......Page 2053
Phase 1 ROP......Page 2057
Keywords......Page 2058
Gestational Age and Birth Weight......Page 2059
Hyperglycemia and Insulin Use......Page 2060
Clinical Course......Page 2061
Therapy......Page 2062
Recommendations for Examination Schedule......Page 2063
References......Page 2064
Spine......Page 2067
Keywords......Page 2068
Chromosomal Abnormalities......Page 2069
Overgrowth......Page 2070
In Utero Positioning......Page 2071
Brachial Plexus Injury......Page 2072
Muscular Torticollis......Page 2073
Clavicle......Page 2074
Long-Bone Fractures......Page 2075
References......Page 2076
Pathology and Etiology......Page 2077
Keywords......Page 2078
Imaging......Page 2079
Treatment......Page 2080
Treatment......Page 2081
Key Points......Page 2082
References......Page 2083
Radial Hypoplasia and Clubhand......Page 2084
Keywords......Page 2085
Congenital Amputations......Page 2086
Syndactyly......Page 2087
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis......Page 2088
Congenital Scoliosis......Page 2089
Physiologic Bowleg......Page 2090
Posteromedial Angulation......Page 2091
Diagnosis......Page 2092
Treatment......Page 2094
Hyperextension, Subluxation, and Dislocation of the Knee......Page 2095
Diagnosis......Page 2096
Calcaneovalgus Foot......Page 2097
Treatment......Page 2098
Syndactyly and Polydactyly of the Toes......Page 2099
Osteogenesis Imperfecta......Page 2100
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita......Page 2101
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva......Page 2102
Key Points......Page 2103
References......Page 2104
Appendix A Therapeutic Agents......Page 2106
Blood Pressure......Page 2116
Intraocular Pressure......Page 2118
Time of First Void and Stool......Page 2119
Growth Charts......Page 2120
Chemistry Values......Page 2123
Hormone Levels......Page 2133
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 2137
Immunoglobulin Values......Page 2138
Hematologic Values......Page 2139
Standard International Unit......Page 2151
Atomic Weight and Valence......Page 2154
Hepatitis BsAg–Negative Mother......Page 2155
Keywords......Page 2156
References......Page 2157




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