Face to Face: Portraits of the Divine in Early Christianity

Front Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Abbreviations......Page 11
ONE Visual Art, Portraits, and Idolatry......Page 15
Early Christian Views of Visual Art: Historical Analyses......Page 18
Art and Idolatry in the Early Third Century Christian Writings......Page 23
Jewish Background for Christian Rejection of Visual Art......Page 29
The Earliest Examples  and Types of Christian Visual Art Church Regulation......Page 33
Portraits:A Particular Kind of Problematic Image......Page 37
The First Portraits......Page 44
TWO Image and Portrait in Roman Culture and Religion......Page 49
Idealization versus Realism in Roman Portraiture......Page 51
The Savior-Type and the Philosopher......Page 56
Funerary Portraits......Page 58
Portraits and Presence - The Image of the Emperor......Page 65
The Images of the Gods......Page 73
THREE The Invisible God and the Visible Image......Page 83
Justin Martyr: Refutation of Idols and Divine Theophanies......Page 85
Irenaeus: The Unity of God against the Gnostics......Page 88
Tertullian: The Dignity of the Incarnation and the Distinction of the Persons of the Trinity......Page 91
Clement of Alexandria: Philosophical Aniconism and the Futility of Idols......Page 95
Ancient Roman Precedents for Christian Aniconism......Page 97
The Philosophical Argument in the First Four Centuries C.E.......Page 100
First-Century and Early Rabbinic Teaching on the Invisible God......Page 103
Theophilus, Novatian, and Origen: Salvific Vision ("Seeing God and Living")......Page 105
FOUR Seeing the Divine in the Fourth and Early Fifth Centuries......Page 114
The Invisible God in the Fourth Century......Page 116
The Anthropomorphite Controversy......Page 121
Augustine and the Problem of the Invisible God......Page 122
Portrayal of God and the Trinity in Visual Art of the Third and Fourth Centuries......Page 136
FIVE Portraits of the Incarnate One......Page 152
Traditions and Legends regarding Jesus' Appearance......Page 155
Jesus' Variant and Changing Appearances in Literary Sources......Page 160
Jesus' Variant and Changing Appearances in Art......Page 163
Jesus as Savior and Healer: The Beautiful Youth......Page 167
Jesus asTeacher, Philosopher, and Ruler:The Bearded Type......Page 175
Christology and the Image of Christ in Ravenna......Page 180
The Transfigured Christ and the Two Natures Controversy......Page 186
Christology. Salvation, and the Role of the Image......Page 191
SIX Early Portraits of the Saints and the Question of Likeness......Page 194
Descriptions of Saints' Portraits in Literary Documents......Page 200
PETER AND PAUL......Page 207
MARY, THE MOTHER OF JESUS......Page 212
The Question of Likeness: Conclusion......Page 217
Notes......Page 221
6. Early Portraits of the Saints and the Question of Likeness......Page 0
Glossary......Page 242
Select Bibliography......Page 244
Index......Page 249
Back Cover......Page 254