Face Recognition Technology: Compulsory Visibility and Its Impact on Privacy and the Confidentiality of Personal Identifiable Images (Law, Governance and Technology Series (41), Band 41)

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 The Digitised Image and Face Recognition Technology
	1.2 Face Recognition Technology
	1.3 Face Recognition Technology and Privacy
	1.4 Face Recognition Technology and Surveillance
	1.5 Face Recognition Technology and Its Ethical and Legal Implications
	1.6 Face Recognition Technology and Personal Autonomy
	1.7 Face Recognition Technology and Big Data
	References
Chapter 2: What Is Face Recognition Technology?
	2.1 Introduction: What Is Face Recognition Technology?
	2.2 How Does Face Recognition Work?
	2.3 Face Recognition Algorithms
	2.4 Other Approaches
	2.5 Weaknesses and Failures of FRT
	2.6 Face Recognition Vulnerability
	2.7 Face Spoofing Counter-Measures
	2.8 Current Uses of Face Recognition Technology
		2.8.1 Passports and Other Government Uses
		2.8.2 Law Enforcement
		2.8.3 Commerce
		2.8.4 Gambling and Banking
	References
Chapter 3: Some Ethical and Legal Issues of FRT
	3.1 Fears and Misconceptions of FRT
		3.1.1 Disney World
		3.1.2 Driver Licences
		3.1.3 New York Domain Awareness System
	3.2 Some Deeper Issues: FRT, Data Protection and Civil Liberties
	3.3 Face Recognition: Civil Liberty and Public Disclosure
		3.3.1 Public Disclosure
		3.3.2 Public Interest Disclosure and FRT
	References
Chapter 4: Privacy and Surveillance Surveyed
	4.1 Introduction: Privacy and Surveillance
	4.2 The Data Subject and Surveillance
	4.3 Biometric Data and Civil Liberties
	4.4 The Data Subject and Privacy
	4.5 The Data Subject and Autonomy
	4.6 Privacy, Informatisation and Photography
	4.7 The Data Subject and Biometric Data
	4.8 The Socio-Political Context
	References
Chapter 5: Autonomy, Liberty and Privacy
	5.1 The Concept of Autonomy
	5.2 Freedom and Privacy
	5.3 Dworkin´s First and Second-Order Autonomy
	5.4 Autonomy and Freedom
	5.5 Negative and Positive Liberty
	5.6 Kafka and Negative Liberty
	5.7 Foucault´s Police and Bentham´s Prisoners
	5.8 Privacy and Autonomy
	References
Chapter 6: Compulsory Visibility?
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Body-Worn Cameras
	6.3 Compulsory Visibility and Coercion
	6.4 Compulsory Visibility and Face Recognition
	6.5 Big Data
	6.6 Big Data and Face Recognition
	6.7 Compulsory Visibility and Autonomy
	References
Chapter 7: The Law and Data Protection
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Data Protection and Privacy
	7.3 Informational Privacy
	7.4 Data Protection and Privacy: The United States Sectoral Approach
	7.5 Reconciling US and EU Provisions
	7.6 Data Protection and Face Recognition
	7.7 Biometric Data and the Development of the General Data Protection Regulation
	7.8 Human Rights: Civil Liberty, Privacy and the Law
	References
Chapter 8: The Law and Surveillance
	8.1 Surveillance, Regulatory Power and Rights
	8.2 Human Rights, Mass Surveillance and UK Case Law
		8.2.1 Human Rights: Interference
	8.3 Face Recognition: Accountability and Trust
	8.4 Face Recognition: Privacy and Image Ownership
	References
Chapter 9: State Paternalism and Autonomy
	9.1 State Paternalism: Active and Passive
	9.2 Ethics and State Power
		9.2.1 Liberty and State Power
		9.2.2 Ethical State Power
	9.3 Paternalism and FRT
	9.4 Control, Paternalism and Autonomy
	9.5 Citizen and State
	9.6 Face Recognition and Second-Order Preferences
	9.7 Preventing Harm and the Effect on Second-Order Preferences
	9.8 Threats to Privacy
	References
Chapter 10: State Paternalism and Data
	10.1 Protecting Privacy: Data Protection and the Political Dimension
	10.2 Protecting Privacy: UK Data Protection and the Face Recognition Paradigm
	10.3 Data Processing and Second-Order Preferences
	10.4 The Data Subject and Face Recognition Systems [State Data-Mining Power]
	References
Chapter 11: The Future of Face Recognition Technology and Ethico: Legal Issues
	11.1 Face Recognition: The Future and Its Implications
	11.2 Threat Recognition and Securitising Identity
	11.3 Identity Management
	11.4 Face Recognition and the Human Interface
		11.4.1 Data and the Human Interface
	11.5 Predicting Social Concerns and Reactions
	11.6 Constitutional Safeguards and Rights
	11.7 Legal and Regulatory Safeguards
	11.8 Regulating the Commoditisation of Data
	References
Chapter 12: Conclusion
	12.1 Face Recognition Technology and the Right to Personal Image Ownership
	12.2 Data Ownership: A New Legal and Moral Rights Framework
	12.3 Democratisation of Technology Development
	12.4 Personal Identifiable Images and Street Photography
	12.5 Recommendations
	References
Bibliography and Further Reading
Index