Extrasolar Planets: Saas Fee Advanced Course 31 (Saas-Fee Advanced Courses)

3540292160......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
1.1 The Quest for Planets Around Other Stars......Page 14
1.2 What is a Planet?......Page 16
1.3 Pulsar Planets......Page 19
1.4 Overview of Planet Detection Methods......Page 22
1.5 “Exotic” Concepts for Planet Detection......Page 24
1.6 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence......Page 28
2 Planet-Forming Disks......Page 34
2.1 Star Formation: the General Framework......Page 35
2.2 Observations of Dusty Disks......Page 37
2.3 Observations of Infalling Material and Evidence for Extrasolar Planetesimals......Page 44
3.1 The First Hundred Planets Around Solar-Type Stars......Page 48
3.2 Distribution of Masses and Orbital Radii......Page 52
3.3 Orbital Eccentricities......Page 57
3.4 Properties of the Parent Stars......Page 60
3.5 Systems with Multiple Planets......Page 64
3.6 Interactions Between the Planets in Multiple Systems......Page 71
4.1 The Radial-Velocity Technique......Page 75
4.2 Limitations of the Radial-Velocity Precision......Page 77
4.3 Spectrograph Design......Page 84
4.4 Radial-Velocity Surveys......Page 88
5 Gravitational Microlensing......Page 89
5.1 Theory of Gravitational Microlensing......Page 90
5.2 Planetary Systems as Gravitational Lenses......Page 96
5.3 Microlensing Planet Searches......Page 105
5.4 Astrometric and Interferometric Observations of Microlensing Events......Page 109
6.1 The Geometry of Transits......Page 114
6.2 Photometric Error Sources......Page 122
6.3 HD 209458......Page 125
6.4 Photometric Planet Searches......Page 128
6.5 Photometric Space Missions......Page 135
6.6 Searches for the Light Reflected by the Planet......Page 136
7.1 The Kolmogorov Turbulence Model......Page 143
7.2 Wave Propagation Through Turbulence......Page 146
7.3 The Effect of Turbulence on Astronomical Images......Page 148
7.4 Fried Parameter and Strehl Ratio......Page 150
7.6 Temporal Structure Function and Power Spectra......Page 152
7.7 Angular Anisoplanatism......Page 153
7.8 Scintillation......Page 154
7.9 Turbulence and Wind Profiles......Page 155
8 Introduction to Optical Interferometry......Page 156
8.1 Schematic Design of an Optical Interferometer......Page 157
8.2 Beam Combination Concepts......Page 159
8.3 Source Coherence and Interferometer Response......Page 160
8.5 Fringe Detection......Page 161
8.6 Phase Decorrelation Mechanisms......Page 166
9.1 Astrometric Signature of Low-Mass Companions......Page 173
9.2 Upper Mass Limits and Astrometric Detection of Gl 876 B......Page 174
9.3 Astrometric Measurements with an Interferometer......Page 175
9.4 Atmospheric Limitations of Astrometry......Page 177
9.5 Dual-Star Interferometry......Page 181
9.6 Interferometric Astrometry from Space......Page 184
9.7 Astrometric Planet Surveys......Page 188
9.8 Astrometric References......Page 189
9.9 The Differential-Phase Method......Page 192
10.1 Principles of Nulling......Page 194
10.2 Implementation of Achromatic Phase Shifts......Page 202
10.3 Nulling Interferometry from the Ground......Page 208
10.4 Design of Nulling Arrays......Page 214
11 Appendix: Useful Definitions and Results from Fourier Theory......Page 223
References......Page 225
2.1 Origins: Role of the Giant Planets for Planet Formation......Page 256
2.2 Gravity Field and Global Properties......Page 257
2.4 Atmospheric Composition......Page 259
2.5 Energy Balance and Atmospheric Temperature Profiles......Page 260
2.6 Spectra......Page 263
2.8 Moons and Rings......Page 264
2.9 Oscillations......Page 265
3.2 Boundary Conditions......Page 266
3.3 Simple Solutions......Page 268
3.4 Mass–Radius Relation......Page 270
3.5 Rotation and the Figures of Planets......Page 273
3.6 Equations of Evolution......Page 278
4.1 Basic Considerations......Page 279
4.2 Experiments and Theoretical Hydrogen EOSs......Page 285
4.3 Other Elements......Page 290
5 Opacities and Heat Transport......Page 292
5.1 Radiation Absorption – Basic Considerations......Page 293
5.2 Rosseland Opacities......Page 294
5.3 Heat Transport......Page 302
6.2 Jupiter and Saturn......Page 309
6.3 Uranus and Neptune......Page 317
6.4 Consequences for Formation Models......Page 318
7 Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs......Page 322
7.1 The Virial Theorem......Page 323
7.2 A Semi-Analytical Model......Page 325
7.3 Evolution of Jupiter and Saturn......Page 328
7.4 From Giant Planets to Brown Dwarfs......Page 333
8.1 Direct Observations of Substellar Objects......Page 339
8.2 Atmospheric Models: Importance of Condensation......Page 347
9.1 Introduction......Page 356
9.2 Evolution of Strongly Irradiated Giant Planets......Page 358
9.3 Tidal Effects......Page 365
9.4 Atmospheric Dynamics......Page 369
References......Page 374
1 Introduction......Page 381
2.1 T Tauri Stars......Page 382
2.2 Interpretation of T Tauri Spectral Energy Distributions......Page 383
2.3 Accretion Rates of Protostellar Disks......Page 391
2.4 Internal Temperatures of Protostellar Disks......Page 393
3.1 Conservation Equations......Page 395
3.2 Turbulence in Disks......Page 402
3.3 Waves in Disks......Page 407
4.1 Drift and Settling Velocities in the Absence of Turbulence......Page 416
4.2 Particle Growth and Trajectories in the Absence of Turbulence......Page 419
4.3 The Effect of Turbulence on Particle Settling......Page 421
4.4 The Initial Stages of Accumulation......Page 423
5.1 Basics of Collisional Planet-building; Runaway Growth......Page 426
5.2 Three-Body Effects on Collision Cross-Section......Page 428
5.3 Evolution of the Velocity Distribution......Page 430
5.4 Calculating Planetesimal Growth......Page 431
5.5 The Final Stage of Accumulation; Rocky Planets in the Terrestrial Planet Region......Page 434
6.2 Giant Planet Formation by Atmospheric Capture......Page 437
6.3 Giant Planet Formation by Gravitational Collapse......Page 441
7.1 Tidal Interaction and Angular Momentum Exchange Between Planet and Disk......Page 443
7.2 Rates of Orbital Evolution......Page 449
7.3 Modeling the Formation of the Solar System......Page 453
References......Page 456
G......Page 461
O......Page 462
W......Page 463