Extracellular Matrix and Egg Coats

Copyright
Contributors
Preface
The Physical and Biochemical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix Regulate Cell Fate
	Introduction
	ECM Composition
		Collagens
		Proteoglycans
		Glycoproteins
		Elastin
		The Dynamic Nature of the ECM
	ECM Regulates Development and Modulates Stem Cell Fate
		The ECM Regulates Development
		ECM-Directed Cell Migration in Development
		ECM as a Critical Component of the Stem Cell Niche
	Cell-ECM Signaling
		ECM-Integrin Binding
		Nonintegrin Receptors
	ECM-Dependent Modulation of Growth Factor and Morphogen Function
		ECM-Transforming Growth Factor Beta Superfamily Interactions
		ECM-Growth Factor Collaboration
	ECM-Dependent Spatial-Mechanical Regulation of Cell Phenotype
		Control of Cell Shape
		ECM Stiffness and Cell Fate
		ECM Stiffness Modulates Morphogen Activity
		ECM Stiffness Modulates Cell Behavior by Regulating Mechanosensitive IonChannels
		ECM Stiffness Modulates Yes-Associated Protein and Transcriptional Coactivator With PDZ-Binding Motif
	Summary and Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Matricellular Proteins: Functional Insights From Non-mammalian Animal Models
	General Introduction
	An Introduction to Matricellular Proteins
		CCN Proteins
		SPARC/Osteonectin and Relatives
		Tenascins
		Thrombospondins
	Matricellular Proteins in Early Diverging Metazoans and Protostomes
		CCN
		SPARC and Relatives
		Thrombospondin
	Matricellular Proteins in Invertebrate Deuterostomes
	Matricellular Proteins in Cyclostoma (Jawless Vertebrates)
	Matricellular Proteins in Nonmammalian Vertebrate Model Animals
		Bony Fish
			CCNs
			SPARC and Relatives
			Tenascins
			Thrombospondins
		Amphibia
			CCNs
			SPARC and Relatives
			Tenascins
			Thrombospondins
		Reptiles
	Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Collagen Fibril Assembly and Function
	Introduction
		Collagens Are Triple Helical Molecules
		Fibrillar Collagens
		Fibrils Are Molecular Complexes
	Fibril Structural Hierarchy—From Molecules to Fibril Arrays
	Collagen Fibril Formation as a Self-Assembly Process
		To What Extent Is the Reconstitution of Collagen Fibril From Purified Solutions Representative of Fibril Assembly In ...
		Unipolar and Bipolar Fibrils
		Type II Collagen Fibrils Have Also Been Reconstituted In Vitro
	Collagen Fibril Growth Regulation Models
		Molecular Accretion
		Fibril Fusion
		Lessons From Echinoderms
	Collagen Fibril Formation In Vivo: Extrinsic Control of Fibril Formation
		Site of Fibril Assembly
		Regulation of Collagen Fibril Number
		Fibril Length Regulation
		Fibril Diameter Regulation
	Collagen Fibril Structure
	Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Basement Membranes in Development and Disease
	Introduction
	Functions
		Tissue Separation and Barrier
		Cell Adhesion and Migration
		Polarity
		Tissue Shaping
		Signaling
	Composition
		Collagen IV
		Laminin
		Nidogen
		Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
			Perlecan
		FRAS/FREM
	Spatial and Temporal Variations in Basement Membrane Thickness and Composition
		Spatial Variations in Mammary Gland Basement Membrane Composition and Density
		Variations in Laminin Expression in Development and Sjogren´s Syndrome
		Variations in Glomerular and Retinal Capillary Basement Membrane Thickness
		Temporal Variations in Glomerular Basement Membrane Composition
		Spatial and Temporal Variations in Dental Basement Membrane Composition
		Differences in Basement Membranes in Tissues Surrounding Teeth
	Basement Membrane Microperforations
	Basement Membrane Transmigration and Invasion
		Basement Membrane Transmigration
		Basement Membrane Invasion During Tumor Progression
	Perspectives and Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Extracellular Determinants of Arterial Morphogenesis, Growth, and Homeostasis
	Introduction
	Evolution of the Cardiovascular System
		Invertebrate Vessels
		Vertebrate Vessels
	ECM Composition and Mechanical Signaling During Arterial Development
		ECM Composition and Elastic Vessel Architecture
		ECM Composition and Elastic Vessel Biomechanics
	ECM and Arterial Tissue Organization and Function
		Medial Elastogenesis and SMC Differentiation
		ECM and the Vascular Stem-Cell Niche
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Structure, Function, and Development of the Tectorial Membrane: An Extracellular Matrix Essential for Hearing
	Introduction
	The Cochlea and the Mammalian TM
	Proteins of the Mammalian TM
	Structure/Ultrastructure of the Mammalian TM
	Function of the Mammalian TM
	Avian Basilar Papilla and TM
	Proteins of the Avian TM
	Structure and Attachment of the Avian TM
	Function of the Avian TM
	Chick TM Development
	Mammalian TM Development
	Collagen Fibrils: Orientation and Alignment
	Hensen´s Stripe and the Minor TM
	Marginal Pillars
	Crowns, Imprints, STRC, and Hair-Bundle Attachment
	Striated-Sheet Matrix
	Evolution of the TM
	Acknowledgments
	References
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and the Sculpting of Embryonic Tissues
	Introduction
	The Role of ECM in Resisting and Constraining Tissues
		Drosophila Egg Chamber Elongation
		Epithelial Bud Expansion
		Lumen Elongation
		Notochord Extension
		Drosophila Tracheal Tube Morphogenesis
	Coordination and Coupling of Forces Across and Between Tissues
		Xenopus Gastrulation
		Eyelid Closure
		Zebrafish Trunk Elongation
		Avian Somite Morphogenesis
		Drosophila Dorsal Closure
	Subdivision of Tissues by ECM
		Somitogenesis
		Branching Morphogenesis
	Acknowledgments
	References
The Fish Egg’s Zona Pellucida
	Introduction to the Fish Egg’s Zona Pellucida
	Hagfish and Lamprey Eggs
	Cartilaginous Fish Eggs
	``Modern” Fish Eggs
	Sturgeon Eggs
	Rainbow Trout Zona Pellucida Proteins
	Postfertilization Changes in the Zona Pellucida
	Antifreeze Protection by Zona Pellucida Proteins
	Zona Pellucida Fibrils and Desiccation
	ZP1 and Amyloid Fibrils
	ZP1 Amino-Terminal Domains
	Acknowledgments
	References
Egg-Coat and Zona Pellucida Proteins of Chicken as a Typical Species of Aves
	Egg Development and the Egg-Coat of Birds
	Structure of Chicken Egg-Coat and the Constituting ZP Proteins
	The Crystal Structure of ZP3 Homodimer and Furin Cleavage-Induced Dimerization
	Expression of ZP Genes at Developmental Stages of Growing Oocyte
	Secretion, Transport, and Assembly for Matrix Formation Around the Oocyte
	Interaction of Egg-Coat With Sperm at Fertilization
	Lytic Degradation of the Egg-Coat and ZP Protein Fragmentation During Sperm Penetration
	The Robust and Elastomeric Egg-Coat for Birds' Eggs With Mass of Egg Yolk
	References
The Mouse Egg’s Zona Pellucida
	Introduction to the Zona Pellucida
	Oogenesis in Mice
	Zona Pellucida Proteins
	Zona Pellucida Domain Proteins
	Zona Pellucida Protein Synthesis
	Zona Pellucida-Knockout Mice
	Zona Pellucida Protein Secretion and Assembly
	Zona Pellucida and Fertilization
	Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Conceptus Coats of Marsupials and Monotremes
	Introduction
	Preovulatory Coats
		The Zona Pellucida
		Glycoproteins Constituting the Zona Pellucida
	Postovulatory Coats
		Monotreme Mucoid Coat (Albumen Layer)
		Monotreme Shell Coat
		Marsupial Mucoid Coat
		Marsupial Shell Coat
		Identification of Components of Marsupial Postovulatory Coats
			Uterine-Secreted Microprotein 1
			Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 4 (CAB45)
			Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1 (endocan)
			Nephronectin
			Lysozyme G1 (LYG1)
			Conceptus Coat Mucin
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
The Human Egg’s Zona Pellucida
	Structure of Human Zona Pellucida
	Biochemical Characteristics of the Human ZP Matrix
	Genomic Organization and Amino Acid Sequence of the Human ZP Glycoproteins
		Signal Peptide
		ZP Domain
		Trefoil Domain
		Consensus Furin Cleavage Site
		Transmembrane-Like Domain
		Short Cytoplasmic Tail
	Expression of ZP Glycoproteins in Human Ovaries
	Role of Human ZP Glycoproteins in Sperm Binding and Induction of Acrosome Reaction
		Human ZP1
		Human ZP2
		Human ZP3
		Human ZP4
		In Humans More Than One Zona Protein Is Involved in Binding of Sperm to the Oocyte and Induction of Acrosome Reaction
	Relevance of Glycosylation of Human Zona Proteins in Fertilization
	Signaling Events Associated With Human ZP Glycoproteins-Mediated Acrosome Reaction
	Relevance of ZP Matrix in Avoidance of Polyspermy During Fertilization
	ZP Defects and Female Factor Infertility: Clinical Significance
	Significance of ZP Autoantibodies in Women With ``Unexplained Infertility”
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Structure of Zona Pellucida Module Proteins
	Introduction: The ZP ``Domain” Module
	Structures of The ZP-N Domain
		First Structure of a ZP-N Domain: Murine ZP3
		Other ZP-N Domain Structures
	Structures of the ZP-C Domain
		Structure of Avian ZP3 ZP-C
		Other ZP-C Domain Structures
	ZP-N and ZP-C Compared to Ig-Like Domains
	Structures of Complete ZP Modules: Insights Into Polymerization
	How Life Begins: Egg ZP-N Domain Recognition by Sperm
	Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Egg Coat Proteins Across Metazoan Evolution
	Introduction
	Egg Coat Proteins
		ZP Gene Losses Among Vertebrates
		Structure of ZP Proteins
	The ZP Module
		Other Roles for ZP Module-Containing Proteins
		Not All Egg Coat Proteins Are ZP Proteins
	Synthesis and Polymerization of ZP Proteins
	Egg Coat Structure
		Mammals
		Birds
		Amphibians
		Teleost Fish
		Mollusks
		Sea Urchin
		Insects
		Cephalochordates and Urochordates
	ZP Proteins in Fertilization
		ZP-N Repeats in Sperm Binding
	Evolution of Egg Coat Proteins
		Reproductive Proteins as Species Barriers
	Final Comments
	Acknowledgments
	References