Explosives Detection: Sensors, Electronic Systems and Data Processing (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics)

Preface
Introduction
	References
Contents
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Explosives Detection
	Holographic and Impulse Subsurface Radar for Landmine and IED Detection
		Project Description
	Engineering Silicon Carbide for Enhanced Borders and Ports Security (E-Sicure)
		Project Description
	Explosive Trace Detection for Standex (Extras)
		Project Description
	Portable Sensors for Unmanned Explosive Detection
		Project Description
	Standoff Coherent Detection of Warfare Chemicals Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
		Project Description
	Ground Penetrating Radar Attached to a Hexacopter for Automatic Mine Detection
		Project Description
	Biological Method (Bees) for Explosive Detection
		Project Description
	Magnetic Resonance & MW Detection of Improvised Explosive and Illicit Materials
		Project Description
	Comprehensive Package for Strengthening Jordanian C-IED Defence Capabilities
		Project Description
	Development of New Chemical Sensors and Optical Technologies for Fast and Sensitive Detection of Improvised Explosives
		Project Description
	Implementation of a Terahertz Imaging and Detection System
		Project Description
	Technology of High-Selective Imprinted Nanoantenna for Explosives Detection
		Project Description
	Microwave Imaging Curtain
		Project Description
	Development of Mine and IED Recognition System Based on Ultrawideband Technology
		Project Description
	Advanced Detection Equipment for Demining and UXO Clearance in Egypt
		Project Description
	Identification and Neutralization of Chemical Improvised Explosive Devices
		Description a Global Threat
	Increasing the Clearance Capability for Unexploded Ordnance in Montenegro
		Project Description
	Advanced Technology for Landmine Detection
	ALIS Dual Sensor for Humanitarian Demining
		Project Description
	GPR Research for Military Search
		Project Description
Scientific and Technical Contributions from Research Projects
	Multi-Year Project: Holographic and Impulse Subsurface Radar for Landmine and IED Detection
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
			GPR Array (1TX - 4RX) for Fast Target Detection
			Holographic Radar for Target Discrimination 1.7-2.0 GHz
			PMD Camera (Picoflexx) to Obtain Near-Real-Time Digital Terrain Models
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
	Engineering Silicon Carbide for Enhanced Borders and Ports Security
		Introduction
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Partitipation
		Contributions
	Multi-Year Project: Explosive Trace Detection Sensor (Extras)
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
	Multi-Year Project: UnExploDe: Portable Sensors for Unmanned Explosive Detection
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
			Functionalised Germanium Nanowires or Carbon Nanostructures
			Trinitrotoluene Sensor
			System Made by Sensor Mounted on a Drone and Wireless Connection
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
			Preparation of Sensors Based on Nanotechnologies
				Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
				Preparation of Germanium Nanowires
			Functionalization
			Contact Preparation and Electrical Characterization of Nanostructures
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
			IMEM Institute
			Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Sustainability of Parma
			Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences
		Contributions
			Presentations
			Newspapers
			Publications and Conferences
	Multi-Year Project: Standoff Coherent Detection of Warfare Chemicals Via Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Background Information and Technical Summary
			Introduction
			Bulk Detection
			Trace Detection
				Electronic/Chemical Detection
				Biosensors
				Optical Methods
				Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
				Laser Doppler Vibrometry for Detecting Photoacoustics
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
	Multi-Year Project: Project Title
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
		Contributions
	Multi-Year Project: Biological Method (Bees) for Explosive Detection
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
		Contributions
	Magnetic Resonance & Microwave Detection of Improvised Explosives and Illicit Materials
		Introduction
		NMR Sequences for T1 and T2 Relaxation Measurements
			The Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill Sequence (CPMG)
			Saturation Recovery Sequence
			Superfast Inversion Recovery (SUFIR)
			T1-T2 Correlation Sequence
			CRELAX Sequence for Combined T1/T2 Measurements
			Csaki -Bene Sequence for Measurements of T1
			Conclusions on the Practical Use of the Above NMR Sequences
		1H TD NMR Measurements for Detection of Liquids
			General Consideration and References to Previous Work
			A Few Examples of Typical 1H TD NMR Measurements
		Low Field 14N NMR for Detection of Nitrogen-Containing Energetic and Dangerous Liquids
			Experimental Results and their Discussion
				1H TD NMR of Nitrogen-Containing Liquids
				14N NMR of Nitrogen-Containing Liquids
		Planar Photonic Crystal (PPC) Based Microwave Technique
			Physical Background of the Method
			Detecting the Real and Imaginary Parts of Permittivity Using the PPC-Technique for Fast Identification of Liquids
			Influence of Technological Parameters on Complex Permittivity Detection
				The Wall Thickness Affect
				Effect of Container Material
			Another Possible Application of the PPC Detection Technique
				The Ethanol Concentration in Water
				Determination of the Ethanol and Methanol Concentration in Water
			Summary of the PPC-Based MW Sensor
		Reflection Mode Method (26.5-40 GHz) and Application of Clustering/Classification Algorithms
		Conclusions
	Comprehensive Package for Strengthening Jordanian C-IED Defence Capabilities
		Introduction
		C-IED COE Introduction
		C-IED COE DCB Supports
		C-IED DCB Egypt & Jordan
			C-IED DCB for Egypt
			C-IED DCB for Jordan
		Summary
	Multi-Year Project: Development of New Chemical Sensors and Optical Technologies for Fast and Sensitive Detection of Improvise...
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Science Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
		Contributions
	Terahertz Imaging and Spectroscopy for Security and Defense Applications
		Introduction
		Physics of THz Electromagnetic Waves
			The Far-Infrared Domain
			Electromagnetic Response of Matter at THz Frequencies
				Non-resonant Response of Matter to an Electromagnetic Excitation
				Molecules
				Solids
				Liquids
			Summary
		THz Technology: Sources, Detectors and Components
			Sources
				The THz gap
				Electronic Sources
				Optoelectronic Sources
				Other Sources
			Detectors
				Basics of Detection Physics
				Electronic Detectors [7]
				Optoelectronic Antennas
				Bolometers
		THz Absorption Spectrum of Molecules of Interest
			Introduction
			Explosives
			Drugs-of-Abuse
			Gases (Chemical Warfare)
			Standoff Techniques
		Imaging for Security Application
			Requirements for Remote Sensing Dedicated to Security
			Passive Imaging
				Basic Principles: Thermal Emission, THz Power Budget
				Cameras for Passive Imaging
				Demonstration of Passive Remote THz Imaging
			Active Imaging
				Advantages and Drawbacks of Active Imaging
				Cameras and Systems for Active Imaging
				Demonstration of Active Remote THz Imaging
			Future Prospects
				Hyper-Spectral Imaging
				THz Imaging through Brownout
		Conclusion
	Multi-Year Project: Technology of High-Selective Imprinted Nanoantenna for Explosives Detection
		Project Goals
		Deliverables
		Security Relevance
		Partnership Relevance
		End Users
		Technical Summary
			Simulation of Spectral Response of the ``Spherical Gold Core-MIP Shell´´
			LSPR Sensor Chip Fabrication and Characterization Based on Ag(Nanoparticles)-MIP
			Design of Explosives Detector Prototype
		Broader Impacts
		Young Researcher Participation
		Contributions
	Stepped-Frequency Noise Radar for High Resolution 2D and 3D SAR Imaging
		Introduction
		Probing Signals for Stepped Frequency Noise Radar and Signal Processing
		Hardware Stepped-Frequency Noise SAR
		Software Stepped Frequency Noise Radar
		SAR Imaging Using Software Stepped Frequency Noise Radar
		Laboratory Tests of Software Stepped Frequency Noise SAR
		Tomographic Imaging with MIMO Stepped Frequency Noise SAR
		Conclusions
	Dual Sensor ALIS (Advanced Landmine Imaging System) and Its Operation in Cambodia
		Introduction
		EMI Sensor and GPR
		ALIS Development
		ALIS Field Tests in Mine Affected Countries
		ALIS
		Evaluation Test in Cambodia
		ALIS Operation in Cambodia
			Advantage
			Disadvantage
		Conclusion
	Explosive Detection: Growing of the Threat and New Approaches in Suicide Bombers Detection
Findings of the Advanced Research Workshop
	Multidisciplinary Approach
	Threat Diversity
	Partnerships
	Recommendations
	Special Call for Proposals