Exploring the Scientific Method: Cases and Questions

Contents
Introduction
How to Use This Book
Syntactic View of Theories
	Deductivism
		Aristotle - from Posterior Analytics and Physics
		René Descartes - from Discourse on Method
		Case Studies
	Inductivism
		Francis Bacon - from Novum Organum
		Isaac Newton - from Principia
		John Stuart Mill - from A System of Logic
		Case Studies
	Hypothetico-Deductivism
		William Whewell - from Novum Organum Renovatum
		Rudolf Carnap - “Theoretical Procedures in Science”
		R. B. Braithwaite - from Scientific Explanation
	Paradoxes of Evidence
		David Hume - from Enquiry
		Nelson Goodman - from Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
		Carl G. Hempel - from “Studies in the Logic of Confi rmation”
		Responses to the Paradoxes of Evidence
	Falsificationism
		Karl Popper - from The Logic of Scientific Discovery
		Case Studies
Holistic View of Theories
	Pierre Duhem - from Aim and Structure of Physical Theory
	Thomas Kuhn - from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
	Imre Lakatos - The Methodology of Research Programmes
	Case Studies
Semantic View of Theories
	Marshall Spector - “Models and Theories”
	Max Black - “Models and Archetypes”
	Ronald Giere - from Explaining Science
	Case Studies
Critical Views of Scientific Theories
	Paul Feyerabend - from Against Method
	Ruth Hubbard - “Science, Facts, and Feminism”
	Bruno Latour - “The Science Wars: A Dialogue”
	Case Studies
Closing Remarks
Deductivism Case Study Readings
	Astronomy: Aristotle, from On the Heavens
	Physics: Epicurus, from Letter to Herodotus
	Chemistry: Paracelsus, from Hermetic and Alchemical Writings
	Genetics: Aristotle, from On the Generation of Animals
	Evolutionary Biology: Aristotle, from On the Generation of Animals
	Geology: John Woodward, from An Essay towards a Natural History of the Earth
	Psychology: Hippocrates, from The Nature of Man, The Sacred Disease
	Sociology: Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan
	Economics: Aristotle, from Politics
Inductivism Case Study Readings
	Astronomy: Ptolemy, from Almagest
	Physics: James Clerk Maxwell, from “Molecules”
	Chemistry: Robert Boyle, from The Skeptical Chymist
	Genetics: Gregor Mendel, from Experiments in Plant Hybridization
	Evolutionary Biology: Carolus Linnaeus, from Systema Naturae
	Geology: James Hutton, from “System of the Earth”
	Psychology: Heinrich Weber, from “The Sense of Touch and the Common Feeling”
	Sociology: Émile Durkheim, from Suicide
	Economics: François Quesnay, from “Farmers”
Bibliography
Index